orange county choppers :: essays research papers

Orange County ChoppersWhen I first saw the show, Orange County Choppers, on the Discovery Channel, I was a little bit confused about the premise of it. At first, the show is expressed as angiotensin converting enzyme about a family run personal credit line that builds custom motorcycles. But then, as I continued to watch the show, it occurred to me that it was intended to be a little bit more.Unlike traditional texts, The structure of tv makes us watch passively. (The World is a Text, by Jonathan Silverman and Dean Rader, p.105) Orange County Choppers contradicts this statement. Through the development of the episode, the writers of the show force you to start analyzing the text of the show, actively. Paul Sr., mentions m any another(prenominal) events that have happened within the family, outside the show. Paul Sr. is the old wise man in the show. He is father to Paul Jr. and Mikey. Mikey does all of the prefatorial tasks required to run the business. Paul Jr. and Paul Sr. do most of the work on the wheels. There are other members of the staff at O.C.C. that are some cartridge clips seen working on the bikes. The three Teutuls appear in every episode. In almost every case, family activities are never shown in any of the episodes. In the 9/11 Bike episode, Paul Sr. mentions a family reunion that later delays the completion of the bike. This tells you that the Teutul family is very loving and they do spend time together outside the show. This world renowned motorcycle shop has built bikes for many celebrities and sports stars. Orange County Choppers built a chopper for Shaquel ONeal in one of the episodes. The dimensions of the bike were inconsistent with other bikes they have produced due to the height of Shaq. After reading the show actively, I realized that many of their family values dont appear to be as one would expect. Paul Sr. and Paul Jr. continuously fight about features to add to a certain bike or how to go about adding them. Mikey, son of Paul Sr. and brother of Paul Jr., is always energetic and joking around. These contrasting personalities make for a keen show but dont represent your typical American family. The whole family works together to run the business, with most of the women in the family working crumb the desks and keeping things organized, and most of the men in the family doing the labor.

The Significance of Brown v. Board of Education Essay -- Case Review

In 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States was confronted with the controversial cook v. mount of Education case that challenged sequestration in public education. Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark Supreme Court case because it called into interrogate the morality and legality of racial segregation in public schools, a long-standing tradition in the Jim Crow South, and threatened to have monumental and everlasting implications for blacks and whites in America. The Brown v. Board of Education case is often noted for initiating racial integration and launching the civil rights movement. In 1951, Oliver L. Brown, his wife Darlene, and eleven other African American parents filed a class-action lawsuit against the Board of Education of Topeka, and sued them for denying their colored children the right to attend segregated white schools. They sought to change the policy of racial segregation in their school district. The plaintiffs collaborated with the leadership of the local Topeka NAACP to overturn segregation in public schools. In the fall of 1951, the parents tried to enroll their children into the neighborhood schools, further they were denied enrollment in the white schools and told to attend segregated black schools. The District Court noted that segregation in public education had a toxic effect on black children, but denied the need to desegregate schools because the physical facilities and other tangible factors in Topeka, Kansas were all equal. The District Court confirmed the motive established in Plessy v. Ferguson by the Supreme Court in 1896 and upheld state laws permitting, or requiring, segregation in public education. The battle for civil rights has deep root in American history, and African America... ...eclaration of Human Rights in Major Problems in American History Volume II Since 1865, tertiary ed. Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, Edward J. Blum, and Jon Gjerde. (Boston, Wadsworth, 2012), 363-365.4.U.S. Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483-496. (1954) in Major Problems in American History Volume II Since 1865, 3rd ed. Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, Edward J. Blum, and Jon Gjerde. (Boston, Wadsworth, 2012), 365-366.5. Ibid. 6.Ibid.7.Martin Luther King Jr., speech given to Holt Street Baptist Church, Montgomery, Alabama, declination 5, 1955, in Major Problems in American History Volume II Since 1865, 3rd ed. Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, Edward J. Blum, and Jon Gjerde. (Boston, Wadsworth, 2012), 366-367.Hoffman, Elizabeth Cobbs, Edward J. Blum, and Jon Gjerde. Major Problems in AmericanHistory Volume II Since 1865. 3rd ed. Boston Wadsworth, 2012.

Stalins Reform Of Russia :: essays research papers

Every Day Stalinism, by Sheila Fitzpatrick gives the real accounts of life under the control of Joseph Stalin. Fitzpatrick states her claim as to how Stalin remained in personnel for over twenty-five years by using methods of oppression and by implementing modernity. One of the main reasons that Stalin stayed in power was by implementing modernity into a order of magnitude that had previously been stuck in a traditionalized environment. Fitzpatrick describes how Stalin changed peoples lives in the Soviet Union by advancing there means of production to bring them up to speed with the lodge of the western world. Stalins production of more(prenominal) factories led to the increase in the work force. Along with the increase in size, the work force became more diversified with the asset of women. These improvements however had some setbacks. One being problems in family life, this can be accredited to the implementation of women in the work force. Modernization made Russian women no longer subordinate to men. They were now able to obtain jobs, which made them absent from the household. This surge in the number of factories and jobs offered led to "ten million women entering the trade union movement market."(Fitzpatrick 139) The bond between child and mother was broken as women were not raising their children and began seeing "the upbringing of children as a community rather thence family responsibility." (Fitzpatrick 156) This new mentality would never have come about if women were not placed in the work force. Women went from traditionalized lifestyles to believing that "they should have careers" because raising a family was lone(prenominal) for the "bourgeois." (Fitzpatrick 156-160)     Conflicts with men arose quite rapidly as women were now not only in the work force, but being promoted as well. (Fitzpatrick 161) These conflicts could have been the cause for the divide rate to increase during this time .     The families that were in tact were forced to live in cramped quarters. Thanks to modernization these single room apartments had bathrooms and kitchens, which Stalin would argue, made "life more cheerful.

Society, Class, and Conflict the Social Criticism of Virginia Woolf Ess

Virginia Woolf offers interesting analysis of hearty pressure and social associate in Mrs. Dalloway and The Years. Understanding Woolfs message about society demands a certain amount of sensitivity and decoding on behalf of her reader. Her social criticism in both texts can be easily overlooked because she keeps it subtle and implicit, hidden in the patterns and courses of her characters trains of thoughts. Yet upon such close reading, the essential importance of conflict surrounded by the individual and society in Woolfs work becomes clear. While Mrs. Dalloway critiques the mental consequences of socialization, self-restraint, and the subsequent regret, The Years examines the relationship between the upper classes and the lower classes and the physical consequences of their various(prenominal) places in society.Virginia Woolfs stream-of-consciousness style of narration is essential to her method of providing social criticism. Instead of forcing extreme physical situations or co nflicts into her text, Woolf instead offers nuanced observations through her characters patterns and trains of thought. Virginia Woolf said of Mrs. Dalloway, I want to criticise the social system, and to show it at work, at its most ardent (Zwerdling), a statement that may surprise some readers. However, allowing the reader to ascertain each individual thought of the characters as they are linked together helps provide insight into how the social system influences their thoughts, memories, and ultimately their identities. The strength of Woolfs social criticism comes from her ability to infer judgment in this fashion and presents interesting perspectives on class conflict, socialization self-restraint, regret, and coming to terms (or rejecting) with the conditions ... ...s assuming particular identities and suppressing their desires. through with(predicate) Rose, Woolf shows us that rebellion against this social order comes at a cost. Meanwhile, through Clarissa the reader lear ns of the the regret that must accompany assuming a social enjoyment for the sake of material success. Instead of focusing on the technological and economic progress of her time, Woolf highlights the psychological consequences of social change. As societies grow more complicated and intense with their development, her stream-of-consciousness style provides her readers with insight into the individual costs that we all must pay.Works CitedWoolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway. Orlando Harcourt, 1981. Print.Woolf, Virginia. The Years. Orlando, FL Harcourt Brace & Company, 1937. Print.Zwerdling, Alex. Mrs. Dalloway and the Social System. PMLA 92.1 (1977) 69-82. Print.

The Forlorn Loves in James Joyces novel, Ulysses Essay -- Joyce Ulyss

The Forlorn Loves in Joyces novel, Ulysses Greek has words for four kinds of love agape, or spiritual love storge, or familial love the love between friends, or philia and sexual love, the familiar eros. All four figure in Joyces novel Ulysses, yet all eventually evade the two male protagonists, Stephen Dedalus and Leopold blossom forth Ulysses proves ultimately to be a love-less work. Agape -- spiritual love, the charitable love among coreligionists or between Man and God -- seems sure to appear, given Ulysses protagonists backgrounds and the host of Christian symbols that flock about them. Yet Stephen Dedalus is torn with doubt in his Catholicism, and we find in the course of the novel that Bloom renounced his Judaism, first to transpose to Protestantism with his father and then, conveniently, to convert to Catholicism to marry Molly both have fallen from their original faith. Within two paragraphs of Ulysses opening we see a mock Mass -- Introibo ad altare Dei (p. 3) -- and hear the lurking Stephen scornfully called a fearful jesuit by mocking Mulligan. Stephen is certainly no recipient of agape here Interestingly, Simon Dedalus identifies Mulligan as Stephens fidus Achates (p. 73), a glancing Virgil image to set Stephen up as pius Aeneas, pious Aeneas, Virgils hero of proper behavior to gods and men. But, as we see, home-stealing, ever-jeering Mulligan is no more fidus than whoring, drunken Stephen is pius. Stephen Dedalus is a wordy speaker, an engaging theorist and theologian, well versed in ecclesiastical history, particularly in the Churchs early heresies. Yet, for all his knowledge and cogent arguments, he shows little disceptation for belief. His arguments on ... ...9), yet that is exactly what Bloom does -- kiss her buttocks, the most anonymous and androgynous part of her body. In fact, Mollys final thoughts in Ulysses only underscore the privation of eros that has afflicted Bloom throughout the book. She begins to menstruate (this bl oody pest of a thing (p. 642)) even as she considers trying to re-establish sexual relations, and moves in her thoughts to their assignation on Howth Hill -- the same rendezvous Bloom has recalled so fondly before. Yet, like all too many of the happy occasions in Ulysses, this integrity is in the past, dead and gone. Indeed, the book ends in Mollys yes I said yes I will Yes. (p. 644), but the Yes is in the past, only another sad comment on Blooms lack of love. Love is a thing of the past, dreams are sick counterfeits and cheats agape, storge, philia, eros, the four loves, are forlorn.

The Forlorn Loves in James Joyces novel, Ulysses Essay -- Joyce Ulyss

The Forlorn Loves in Joyces novel, Ulysses Greek has words for four kinds of love agape, or eldritch love storge, or familial love the love in the midst of friends, or philia and sexual love, the familiar eros. All four figure in Joyces novel Ulysses, even exclusively eventually evade the dickens male protagonists, Stephen Dedalus and Leopold Bloom Ulysses proves ultimately to be a love-less work. Agape -- spiritual love, the charitable love among coreligionists or between Man and God -- seems sure to appear, given Ulysses protagonists backgrounds and the host of Christian symbols that flock about them. Yet Stephen Dedalus is torn with doubt in his Catholicism, and we find in the prevail of the novel that Bloom renounced his Judaism, first to convert to Protestantism with his father and then, conveniently, to convert to Catholicism to marry Molly both have fallen from their original faith. Within two paragraphs of Ulysses opening we see a mock Mass -- Introibo ad altare Dei (p. 3) -- and hear the lurking Stephen scornfully called a fearful jesuit by mocking Mulligan. Stephen is certainly no recipient of agape here Interestingly, Simon Dedalus identifies Mulligan as Stephens fidus Achates (p. 73), a glancing Virgil image to set Stephen up as pius Aeneas, pious Aeneas, Virgils hero of proper behavior to gods and men. But, as we see, home-stealing, ever-jeering Mulligan is no more fidus than whoring, drunken Stephen is pius. Stephen Dedalus is a prolix speaker, an engaging theorist and theologian, well versed in ecclesiastical history, small-armicularly in the Churchs aboriginal heresies. Yet, for all his knowledge and cogent arguments, he shows little inclination for belief. His arguments on ... ...9), yet that is exactly what Bloom does -- kiss her justtocks, the most anonymous and androgynous part of her body. In fact, Mollys final thoughts in Ulysses only underscore the lack of eros that has afflicted Bloom throughout the book. She begins t o menstruate (this bloody pest of a affair (p. 642)) even as she considers trying to re-establish sexual relations, and moves in her thoughts to their tryst on Howth Hill -- the same rendezvous Bloom has recalled so fondly before. Yet, like all too many of the happy occasions in Ulysses, this one is in the past, dead and gone. Indeed, the book ends in Mollys yes I said yes I will Yes. (p. 644), but the Yes is in the past, only another sad comment on Blooms lack of love. Love is a thing of the past, dreams are sick counterfeits and cheats agape, storge, philia, eros, the four loves, are forlorn.

Growing and Expanding Sandwich Blitz Essay

Creating a new-fangled come out between the CEO and the fix managers provide help the business to grow because this newly created role will help to clear up time for Dalman to focus on the other aspects of his position. Since he is spending so much time on talking with location managers, other portions of Sandwich Blitz, Inc. could be suffering from it. Not only that, but adding in the factor that he is just one person makes is clear that a new level in management would help with growing the other managers into the best managers possible. Promoting an existing manger is a good option to consider this position as they are already very familiar with the organization. With the added benefit of having the experience of working in the role as manager to give them a break down understanding and insight into what issues and problems can be found within a location.However, for promoting an existing manager, I believe that there are advantages and disadvantages with promoting an existin g manager to fill this position. If you promote one of the store managers, you gain the advantage of someone who is already familiar with the day to day operations. But you lose them as your location manager. If you let someone who didnt already work at Sandwich Blitz, this person may not be familiar with the product line, but they could introduce new management ideas into the organization. New ideas could help the organization run more efficiently.Furthermore, when it comes to decision making, I think managers should stay with tactical decisions, owners board of directors should stick to strategic decisions and employees should stick to operational decisions. With strategic decisions, these affect the long-term direction of the business eg whether to take over Company A or Company B. Tactical Decisions, these are medium-term decisions most how to lend oneself strategy eg what kind of marketing to have, or how many extra staff to recruit. To add Operational Decisions, these are short-term decisions (also called administrative decisions) about how to implement the tactics eg which firm to use to make deliveries.To conclude, the levels of authority (management) that Sandwich Blitz, Inc. would have if the new position is created, would be line authority gives a manager the indemnify to direct the work of his or her employees and make many decisions without consulting others. Staff authority supports line authority by advising, servicing, and assisting, but this type of authority is typically limited. For example, the low-level to the department head has staff authority because he or she acts as an extension of that authority. These assistants can give advice and suggestions, but they dont have to be obeyed. Functional authority is delegated to an individual or department over specific activities undertaken by personnel in other departments.

Be human or victorias secret

Victorians underground is a famous company of lingerie and beauty products, which was founded in 1977 by Roy Raymond n Ohio, join States. The companys slogan is the sale Of beauty, being sexy, fabulous and perfect. Since 1995, in the last weeks of November the company Victorians Secret presents the Victorians Secret Fashion Show in which it presents the spick-and-span collections for the year. Famous singers depart attend this show as well as the supermodels of the company, who atomic number 18 c each(prenominal)ed Angels. Victorians Secret Angels are selected supermodels for the companys unravels.All angels are extremely beautiful and fit a mannequin surface 36. In November 2014, in GLAMOUR magazine showed that Victorians Secret munched the immatureest bra campaign Body by Victoria Secret the advertising picture has 10 of the almost beautiful Angels models, including models with blonde, brunette and black hair. All Angels are utilise the reinvigorated collection of linge rie with possession, confidence and sexy poses. The slogan in the picture is the hone Body. faultless Fit. Perfect Comfort. Perfectly SOFT. In addiction at the end has Explore the Collection followed with the names of the new ten types of bras.GLAMOUR is a womens magazine focalisation on fashion, beauty, relationship, sex, lifestyle and services. The magazine targets women teen the ages of 18 and 40, both single and married. These women may be at any stage of their lives, such as sack to college, working in jobs full time or part time, caring for a family. Health and fitness, in search of beauty and well-being are similarly involved. The target audience is women who are focused itself, and on the world, blobs and internet. These tend to speak of the hottest issues and show all the new trends emerging for the female consumer.The primary ads are new patterns and fashions that come soon. The Perfect Body is a new line of bra Victorians Secret afford to its customers in a huge var iety Rasa and push-up, perfect shape, new perfect comfort deem push up, and others. The variety that most consumers appreciate is the opportunity to choose the best type of bras that fit them. Another purpose of this campaign is that with new bras Victorians Secret you get The Perfect Body, Perfect Fit, perfect Comfort and Perfectly Soft. In reality does everything come together with just a bra?How not to buy? The advertisement for this seems a little be promising with all this perfection in just a bra, we can see understandably the marketing game in the advertisement. The word perfect is ones of racketing games that misleads consumers, and make them secure the product in search of the perfect. Because consumers are always seeking the best and perfect, and this propaganda ends up attracting them. For example, this new collection of the bra names is the PERFECT SHAPE can you have the perfect shape with this new bra?Does perfect by Victorians Secret is perfect? It is one of the fact s that everyone would have to examine in advertisements. Another word used in advertising is NEW. Why does everyone want what is new? Just because it is new, is it way better? We now that many times what is new is not better than old, but we live in a consumers world. We just want what is new, just to nurse with the developments and commercial growth. Another type of marketing used to attract consumers are the BEA dutiful models that are confirming the proposal of the campaign.All of them are posing and showing confidence, resourcefulness, and are still being sexy and powerful with panties and bras. What looks interesting in the first time, but which captures the majority of consumers. Who does not Want to get hold confident and powerful using further panties and bra? I think that everyone wants to feel good wearing only panties and bras because it is virtually impossible. That is what the companies like Victorians Secret presents and convinces consumers, using in advertising t o founder consumers and have succeed in their new collections.Victorians Secret does not just sell lingerie and beauty products it sells sensuality set, power and the females fabulous side. In the new campaign Body by Victorians Secrets, 10 angels are positioned as a front line ready for involvement, as an army battalion ready to fight. However, battle in this direction is different he battle is against the consumer. They are showing that this is the body of Victorians Secretes, perfect and ready. When you look yourself and see the new collection and the Angels, you already feel lost and out Of context, and see the need for the new product.This is how propaganda Body by Victorians Secret appeal to the emotional side of marketing, showing that with the new products you can purchase the Perfect Body. Another way that advertising eludes the side emotionally are the features that the models are shown. The Angels are pictured are sexy, confident, uninhibited and happy. Something that appeals to the popular side, people quick standards indicated by the media, and to see an advertisement like this in GLAMOUR magazine very consumers believe this is the key to all problems. Furthermore, these advertisements often end up backfiring on a population.Advertisements as this The Perfect Body causes many consumers to rebel by not fit the pattern that company shows. Victorians Secret shows a variety of ethnicity in the photo templates, but has not done the same in the body shapes. This makes many consumers give up the product and even the company. The emotional did Body by Victorians Secret can take depends on the consumer, and the success of this new collection can be committed only for fit in Angels size by Victorians Secret. Victorians Secret Angels use their campaigns to attract attention and consumers.The Angels of Victorians Secret are the top models in the fashion world, as Giggles Bunched, the Brazilian model that is one of the top on the fashion world and well pai d, was an Angel. The benefit and aim to have them as Angels is very marketing. Because having the best models in the world fashion wearing Victorians Secrets products, not only attracts nonusers, but also magazines, reports and all media. It is a fact that some consumers will only purchase the products Victorians Secret, because they are the top models in the fashion world.In addition, many password companies will only show advertisements for having the hottest Angels. Victorians Secret is a company that sells dreams and achievements, where the products promise to transform the buyer on being sexy, fabulous, charming and perfect. One of the companies is liable to generalize, by imposing a standard of beauty. The advertisement Body by Victorians Secret with the slogan The Perfect Body s one of the advertisements that would never come through with(predicate) the media. I wonder what the company Victorians Secret wins to continue with advertisements and campaigns that link to a perfec t model.Of course it has its consumers perfect model, which still make a profit. In a developing world in which we live, we must take action against companies imply that standard, a standard that does not involve half the worlds population. We all should stop dreaming about the promises that Victorians Secrets presents. Each has its life each has its shape, size, color, and so on. Everything is different we deed to have something perfect to follow? Who said that the perfect is The Perfect by Victorians Secret?

Murder in Cathedral Essay

T.S.ELIOT is one of the spectacular drametists in English literary worlde. From his literature, we can feel the great aesthetic pleasure. I have studied various plays included in my drift. But murder in cathedral really different in them. It has its own greatness and the literary heights. Poetic form Eliot felt, is the most apt form of expression in the theatre. In his view, Ibsen, Stirnberg, and Chekhov were the limits of prose. In contrast to them are Yeats and Hofmannsthal who kept alive the ancient and traditionally affinity between bid and poetry.Doctor Faustus, Pygmalion, The Alchmeist, the playboy of the western world, look back in anger and other plays which are in my course have different style, diction, story, language and all the literary things. But murder in cathedral has the strength that it is the great poetical drama written by Eliot. It is the great play as a poetic drama.In the music of poetry (1942) Eliot acknowledges his bias in favour of the poetry to which h e was indebted as a poet, and says that the music of poetry is not independent of the meaning. The meaning of poetry is sometimes beyond the poets intentions. He saw possibilities of theme recurrence and transitions in poetry as in music, and thought the concert hall more likely to quicken poetry them the opera house. He said that without poets of unusual sensitivity and command of language, culture will deteriorate poetry and drama is notable for the retrospective attention. Eliot gives to his own development as a playwright, he finds that he has been composing variations on the theme of poetic drama throughout his career. For Eliot the highest aim of poetic drama is to bring us to the border of those feelings which are expressible only in music, without leaving the everyday world of spectacular action.look back in anger was considered a revolutionary Play but it has no element of poetic drama. Ben Jonsons The Alchemist has the great touch of great characterization and language b ut it has not the simplicity and continuous development of the story like Murder In The Cathedral. Doctor Faustus is a tragic drama but as a poetic drama Murder In The Cathedral has its own screen in drama. Pygmalion is primerarly a play about speech and phonetics, but related to it are Shaws social concerns.Eliot was accurately aware of the fact that his play was to be performed like Greek tragedy. T.S.Eliots essays on drama can be devided in to three parts first, the Elizabathen essaya which discuss the criteria for drama. Second his assessment of the situation in contemporary theatre and ideal of poetic drama. Eliots statement about his ideal of poetic drama are rarely useful for the critic and the writers. He was has own thoughts different from others on poetic drama. So, his drama Murder in Cathedral has all the poetic element on which Eliot gave statements and thoughts. He creats the different authority for poetic drama in English literature.While advocating the need for a p oetic drama in modern times, Eliot stated that a new dramatic literature can not come about until audience and producers can help poets write for the theatre. He thought about the future of poetic drama that time, we can believe that Murder In Cathedral is Eliots most successful integration of his dramatic theories.No doubt, there are many great plays in English literature but Murder in Cathedral is special for the readers.

Favourite Brand Paper Essay

The brand that I identify with is tide laundry purifying. I love tide laundry detergent because there atomic number 18 5 people in my house and a lot of laundry being do with course I am able to use less detergent for a large amount of cloths. It keeps the colors of the cloths bright and notwithstanding if you have been development cheap detergent when cloths argon washed with tide the colors bright. heave also gets hard to remove stains out of cloths without having to pretreat the sting and soak cloths for a huge period of times. I can also save gold by using Tide because when using a less effective brand I have to pour more than the required amount to wash and the cloths deteriorate faster. When cloths deteriorate and look dull I have to spend more mvirtuosoy to purchase cloths in a shorter amount of time. I do believe Tide Company has built a successful relationship with loyal guests because even during the recession Tide created a cheaper detergent called Tide Basic in order to accommodate its loyal customers during these hard times. The company has created a Tide detergent that can be used with cold pissing which saves on the energy bill.Loyal Tide customer has a lot of variety to choose from which helps keep an eye on the relationship with the brand. This brand is focused on groups of all ages because it is efficient and has been around since 1946. The Tide brand for the younger multiplication helps them remember home and for the older generation it is familiar and a brand they can trust. Tide has a variety of detergent product such as tide pods eliminate odor and are pre-measured, Tide ultra-stain release removes 99 percent of stains, Tide to go instant stain remover to go its a pen that is small and can be carried around if you get a small stain on your cloths, Tide boost duo packs it has stain removing power without any dyes or scent, Tide tot up care for high efficiency washers, Tide ultra clean plus downy gives same clean feeling and so ft cloths, Tide cold water great cleaning and save money no hot or even warm water assumeed, Tide alternative bleach wash whites without the need of using bleach, Tide Free provide gentle on skin, Tide febreze for individuals who play sports, all of these also come in powder form for those who do not like liquid detergent.This is another reason Tide caters to allage groups there is something for everyone. The two competitor brands Whisk and Kirkland Signature Ultra. These two detergents are numbers 2 and 3 on the list of competitor detergents which was done by ABC news. I have tried both of these brands. In my sentiment these brands are good but the stain fighting power is not as effective as tide. When using tide on my chef uniform which has aliment and oils from cooking kitchen smell was gone. I used both brands to wash my nephews chef uniforms and they were not as effective at removing dirt, grim and most of all the smell of food. Tide has also been featured in good housekeepi ng magazine.It was also named one of the must steal products because in recent years there has been a batch of theft with tide detergent. In conclusion Tide laundry detergent is a brand that has been around for decades. It maintains and brightens colors. Tide also has over 15 varieties from one that can be used on sensitive skin to cold water Tide that helps save money. Tide is a trusted brand and caters to their customers needs. They also have helped maintain the relationship by offering a lower priced detergent when the recession affected all individuals around the world. Tide does have some competition but it does not have all the varieties or report that Tide has with their customers.Referenceshttp//nymag.com/news/features/tide-detergent-drugs-2013-1/index2.html /www.nytim http/es.com/roomfordebate/2013/01/14/why-would-drug-dealers-use-tide-as-a-currency/tide-is-the-must-steal-product-of-the-season http//www.goodhousekeeping.com/product-reviews/home-products/laundry-detergents/ best-laundry-detergentslid

Enzyme Catalase Labs

Varibles that affect Enzyme Catalysis Reaction Rates Introduction Molecules be constantly move in our bodies and in nature. When molecules move fast enough they collide into one another, allowing chemical receptions to occur. Factors such as temperature and concentrations can either process increase or decrease these reactions. (Jubenville. ) Enzymes ar known as catalyst because they atomic number 18 adequate to(p) to speed up reaction ranges without cosmos done for(p) or altered. They are able to hike up chemical reactions by decreasing the energy of activation.The main function of enzyme catalase is to convert total heat hydrogen peroxide ( piss2) in our bodies into oxygen and water. This can be visually seen when hydrogen peroxide is put on a wound and the peroxide bubbles. Enzymes can also be found in plant cells and fungi. (Huston. ) In this experiment we runnel the many variables that can change the run of this reaction such as temperature, concentration levels of enzyme catalase and pH values. We are able to track these changes using an O2 gasolene Sensor. (Enzymes. ) It is predicted that the rate of reaction will increase with temperature, pH levels and concentration. MethodsThree test organ pipes were separately filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of water. 10 drops of enzymes suspension was then added to the Naigene chamber for each observation. Test tubings one, two and three were added to the Naigene chamber respectively. The O2 Gas Sensor was displace on top of the Naigene chamber. The Naigene chamber was swirled for 60 seconds while the O2 Gas Sensor recorded the oxygen being released during the reaction. The results were recorded. To study the effects of enzyme concentration on rate of reaction, four test tubes were each filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of water.For each test observation 5, 10, 15 and 20 drops of enzyme catalase were placed in the Naigene chamber. The four test tubes were then added respectively. The Naigene chamber was swirled for 60 seconds while the O2 Gas Sensor recorded the oxygen being released during the reaction. To test the effect of temperature on reaction rate, three test tubes were each filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of water. For each observation 10 drops of enzyme catalase was added to the Naigene chamber. Test tube one was placed in ice (temperature of 0-5 C). Test tube wo was placed in room temperature (20-25 C). Test tube three was placed in warm water (30-35 C). Each test tube was held in this environment for five minutes. The Naigene chamber was swirled for 60 seconds while the O2 Gas Sensor recorded the oxygen being released during the reaction. To measure the effect of pH on catalase activity, three test tubes were each filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of the appropriate pH buffer. Test tube one was filled with 5 mL of pH 4. Test tube two was filled with 5 mL of pH 7. Test tube three was filled with 5 mL of pH 10.Ten drops of enzyme catalase was added to the Naigene chamber and test tube one, two and three were added respectively. The O2 Gas Sensor was placed on top of the Naigene chamber and was swirled for 60 seconds. The O2 Gas Sensor then recorded the oxygen being released during the reaction. To measure the effect of different substrare concentrations on catalase reactions, three test tubes were used and labeled one, two and three. Test tube one was filled with 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 7 mL of water. Test tube two was filled with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of water.Test tube three was filled with 7 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 3 mL of water. 10 drops of catalase suspension was placed in the Naigene bottle for each observation. Test tube one, two and three were then added to the Naigene chamber respectively. The O2 Gas Sensor was placed on top of the Naigene chamber and was swirled for 60 seconds. The O2 Gas Sensor then recorded the oxygen being releas ed during the reaction. Results Figure 1 Test Tube Number Rate of Initial Reaction (m) 1 0. 085282 2 0. 074574 3 0. 09223 Figure 1 The average reaction rate of the enzyme concentration.Figure 2 Test Tube Drops of enzyme suspension Rate of Initial Reaction (m) 1 5 0. 060459 2 10 0. 071033 3 15 0. 0966 4 20 0. 15003 Figure 2 Changes in reaction rate due to the enzyme concentration. Figure 3 Test Tube Temperature measured Rate of Initial Reaction (m) 1 0-5 C 0. 038694 2 20-25 C 0. 084487 3 30-35 C 0. 065194 Figure 3 Changes in reaction rate due to the effects of different temperatures. Figure 4 Test Tube pH level Rate of Initial Reaction (m) 1 4 0. 013519 2 7 0. 045141 3 10 0. 049314Figure 4 Changes in reaction rate due to the pH level of the solution. Figure 5 Test Tube Amount of H2O2 Amount of H2O Rate of Initial Reaction (m) 1 3 7 0. 027672 2 5 5 0. 09168 3 7 3 0. 1087 Figure 5 Changes in reaction rate due to different ratios of 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and water (H2O) In assure 1, we can see that the figures for each test were relatively the same. This is because the amount and type of chemicals used in each test were the same. Figure two shows the initial rate of reaction increasing as the amount of enzyme suspension increases.This evidence demonstrates that the enzyme suspension allowed the reaction to occur more rapidly. Figure 3 demonstrates how temperature can act upon a role in rate of reaction. Our figures show that showed that rate of reaction was at a peak when in medium temperatures. Various levels of pH also play a role in rate of reaction. Figure 4 demonstrates that the higher the pH level, the faster reaction rate was. Figure 5 demonstrates that different ratios of H2O2 and H2O can alter the rate of reaction. The higher amounts of H2O2 allowed higher reaction rates then the lower concentrated amounts.Discussion Enzymes are responsible for almost all chemical reactions that take place. They are made up of proteins and are considered biocataly sts. (Jubenville. ) Biocatalysts can be described as when enzymes are used as catalysts to cause chemical reactions. (Novasep. ) Enzymes are known as catalyst because they are able to speed up reaction rates without being destroyed or altered. They are able to encourage chemical reactions by decreasing the energy of activation. (Huston. ) Enzymes attract substrates to their surface allowing chemical reactions to occur.Every enzyme haves reactive situates which allow very specific chemical reactions. The shape of the reactive site on the enzyme and the shape of the reactive site on the substrate must completely match in order for them to attract to one another. (Jubenville. ) Enzyme catalase can be found in various places of our bodies and nature. The main function of enzyme catalase is to convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in our bodies into oxygen and water. This can be visually seen when hydrogen peroxide is put on a wound and the peroxide bubbles. (Huston. ) It can also be found i n nature in plants and fungi.These molecules are constantly moving. When moving fast enough they collide into one another, allowing chemical reactions to occur. Factors such as temperature and concentrations can either help decrease or increase these reactions. Concentration of enzyme catalase for example, plays a huge role of how much oxygen will be broken down. Concentrations of enzyme catalase can also increase chances of a chemical reaction occurring because there are more molecules acquirable to do the job. The higher concentration of enzyme catalase used, the more oxygen will be released during reaction.The temperatures of the environment in which these reactions take place also play a crucial role on the reaction. Heat for example, speeds up the movement of molecules allowing more of a chance for them to collide and cause a chemical reaction. (Jubenville. ) pH factors also change reaction rates. pH stands for power of hydrogen and measures the concentration on hydrogen ions in a solution. (Hyperphysics. ) The higher the concentration, the more hydrogen ions available to be broken down by enzymes. The more hydrogen or hydrogen eroxide in a solution, the more oxygen being released during the reaction. It was expected that reaction rates would increase with higher concentrations of H2O2, pH levels, temperatures and ratios. This was all proven true through our observations of our experiment.Works Cited Biocatalysis Definition of Biocatalysis in Novasep Glossary. Biocatalysis Definition of Biocatalysis in Novasep Glossary. Novasep, 2010. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. <http//www. novasep. com/misc/glossary. asp? defId=49>. (Novasep. ) Enzymes. Enzymes. Tuberose, n. d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http//www. uberose. com/Enzymes. html>. (Enzymes. ) Frequently Asked Questions A Learn A Houston Enzymes. Frequently Asked Questions A Learn A Houston Enzymes. Huston Enzymes, 2010. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. <http//www. houston-enzymes. com/learn/faq. php>. (Huston. ) Jubenville , Robert B. , and Richard G. Thomas. General Biology laboratory Manual. Third ed. Dubuque Kendall/Hunt, 2008. Print. (Jubenville. ) PH. As a Measure of Acid and Base Properties. Hyperphysics, n. d. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. <http//hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/chemical/ph. html>. (Hyperphysics. )

Grimm Fairy Tales

Anonymous Disneyfied Fairy Tales E rattlingbody knows how Cinderella found her glass skidder after dancing at the ball. nose candy White and Sleeping Beauty were awoken by true loves kiss and lived gayly ever after. The Little Mermaid longed to live on shore to be with that one and yet(a) special person. The thing that people dont know is that the tales ar wrong. Grimm Fairy tales ar the professional fay tales dating back to early Germ both. Disney took the fairy tales and put their own spin on them to be more appealing to children.The origin of the fairytales cast a large shadow over the saucily Disneyfied tales with major transformations, diversions, and a syndrome that sparked from the flip-flop as well as up rises among feminists in the community. The Grimm Brothers were German professors who grew famous for publishing simple fairy tales and through their work in linguistics. Linguistics relates to how the sound in words shift over eon through translations, specif ically relating to how translations of tales were changed be trend of the switching between languages (Grimm Fairy Tales).Before being professors and taking an please in linguistics, it was a tragedy that originally brought them to discovering the fairytales. Without the tragedy, who knows if the fairy tales would be around today? The Grimm Brothers grew interested in the fairy tales after their father died unexpectedly and the family grew very poor (Brothers Grimm). The Brothers later met a wise man that brought them to a library filled with old deems containing a couple tales (Brothers Grimm). The flame continued as they put down the tales and grew more of an interest.They started to listen to peoples favorite stories in order to hear vocal patterns and while doing this it helped them to record the tales that would be later published (Grimms Fairy Tales). By understanding the linguistics behind story telling they were able to understand how the pieces of the tale fit together a s best as possible. The Grimm Brothers were determined to preserve the true Germanic folktales as they were, however, once popularity spread amongst them, pieces in the story started changing (Brothers Grimm).Originally, the fairy tales were meant to be told at campfires and in taverns as entertain manpowert to adults, not primarily to children like it is nowadays (Layt). Over the years, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm began a collection of the fairytales in the 1800s that were like the previous European generations- grue rough and ferine (Brothers Grimm). By spending time in the library for a while, the brothers interest flourished and they officially gathered all the fairy tales in one big book that they named their own (Brothers Grimm).They began their own collection of books with stories and folktales, telling them closelyly to women (Brothers Grimm). Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm kept a record of the tales and published them officially in 1812 called Childrens and Household Tales, with a fit up edition in 1814 (Hunt). Over the various new editions to the collections, the Brothers due to word pronunciation, altered the books as well as changing possible implications of sex, gestation and p arents changed minor details (The Brothers Grimm).In the Grimm brothers first book, it contained 86 folktales and was popular and very successful (Grimm). In the next volume, Grimms Fairy Tales, 70 more stories were added (Grimm). After 6 editions, the book contained over 200 stories (Grimm). The Brothers hard work and dedication throughout the course of do the books led to it being one of the most well cognize works of German literature in history (Grimm). The time period in which the books were written reflects Germanys state of being in many bitty Germanic communities.Fairy Tales takes places in Kingdoms, much like the small communities follow throughn in Germany at the time (The Brothers Grimm). This overly is an indication of alterations between tales due to the fact the re was no unification and as the tale went through the grapevine, making it was well-to-do for things to get changed or tangled up. The fairy tales show life lessons about strangers, trust, and watching what you adjure for and carrys on to be the foundation for popular fairy tales today (The Brothers Grimm).Throughout the stories, abusive parents, distressed damsels, and chivalry are the building blocks for most classic Disney movies (The Brothers Grimm). It wasnt until the 19th and 20th centuries that original fairy tales became more focused towards children rather than adults (origin). As the focus shifted and things got changed from history, Disney producers feared that by only showing interpretations of Grimm Fairy Tales, it corporation cause people to lose sight of what the actual fairy tales were (Brothers Grimm).Although things were altered over time, nothing can take away from the stories core, spreading them around the orb in more than 160 languages (Brothers Grimm). A s time went on, other editors changed things as well. They became softer and sweeter, spreading morality, unlike their original descendants from the Germanic folktales (Brothers Grimm). The Grimm Tales show angry, wild beasts in dark forests. Disney shows a softer side by making all animals nice and only changing the mood to horror if completely necessary for the shortest amount of time possible (Disneyfication).American producers now feel that fairy tales must end with a happy ending, ruining the message that was intended to be sent by original fairy tales (Teramis). Modern day authors take the stories and add new humor to take away from the scariness of the tale (Berner). New endings provide unique twists that were altered to crap a different version seen in Disney fairytales (Berner). Everybody knows the story of the comely little girlfriend, Cinderella and how she was saved from her horrible life from a handsome prince and carried off into the sunset to live happily ever aft er.However, thats the way that Disney portrays but Grimms fairy tales has a little bit of a different view towards it. In the original Cinderella, it is her sustains words on her bedside before she dies that pushed Cinderella to be the best she can and not to let the abuse her stepmother and step babes put on her dragging her down (Holler). In the movie by Disney, he real mother isnt even mentioned which leaves a hole in the story that whitethorn be confusing at first.After years of slaving away for her stepmother and stepsisters, the invitation for the Princes ball coiffes in and they all prepare to go. A slight alteration between the movie and the fairy tales was that it wasnt dear a one-day ball that happened, but a 3-day festival (Taylor). The Prince would look for Cinderella and would only dance with her, turning down any other offers given to him (Taylor). On the troika night, she hurried home because her stepsisters and stepmother was coming home, not because the magic in her dress was wearing off (Taylor).Referring to the magic seen in the movie, in the fairytale itself there is actually no magic present at all or even fairy godmother. Although she outlasts in the movie and gives Cinderella her beautiful dress and pumpkin coach, she does not exist (Taylor). In the original tale, birds bring a gold dress with gold shoes lined with satin for her to wear (Taylor). Not only is the Godmother made up, but the enactment of the slippers and blue dress was misleading in the movie as well (Taylor). In another version of the story, the translation between languages whitethorn yield mixed up the slipper even more.The French words verre and vair sound extremely close meaning that it is uncertain if she had a fur slipper, a glass slipper, or like seen in another translation, a golden slipper (Layt). age at the ball, it shows her leaving behind her slipper by accident, however, in the Grimm version, the prince convinces her to leave her slipper behind so that he may go find her after the ball (Aschenputtel). In the movie, when the Prince goes to find Cinderella to try on the slipper, he encounters her stepsisters who try to debone their feet into the slippers to prove that it was them he was dancing with.In Grimms fairytales, the stepsisters try cutting off their toes and heels from orders of their stepmother so the Prince may take them home (Layt). After the sisters force their feet to fit into the slipper, the prince believed them until he find the blood coming from the shoe (Taylor). For a prince who seemed so in love with Cinderella, it shows Grimms dark side considering he couldnt tell the difference between the women and solely relied on the fact that the shoe fit. The prince didnt envision it was Cinderella right away like in the movie.Due to the stepmothers and stepsisters attempt to trick the prince, the birds who brought her dress to her pecked the look out of them for their wickedness showing the harsh Germanic tales that provided exquisite detail (Layt). After they get their eyes pecked out, they live as blind beggars for the rest of their lives with a broken bond between Cinderella and her fortunes (Differences). Cinderella lives happily ever after, however, the stepmother and stepsisters dont live fortunately like what is shown in the movie with no money, no house, and no toes.Snow White is a loved classic from Disney that shows a beautiful girl who stumbles upon a quaint little cottage in the woods and lives with dwarves until her prince comes to save her. In the original Snow White, it featured her and her sister Red Rose who encountered angry dwarves (Taylor). It is uncertain why the fairytale split it into just Snow White and the dwarves without mentioning her sister (Taylor). The classic poison apple that is seen in Disneys Snow White was not the original plan of attack from the evil Queen.At first it was silk that the Queen mask as an old hag brought to the house. She wrapped her up in it so tight that she couldnt breathe and appeared dead when he dwarves returned home (Taylor). Fortunately, the dwarves saved Snow White when they returned home and cut the laces of the silk, allowing her to breathe again and restore her back to life (Taylor). Not only was there the attempted maul with the silk, but she also tried to poison Snow White with a comb that would make her senseless when contacted with her (Taylor).On the Queens third attempt, she finally killed Snow White with a slice of an apple that she poisoned (Taylor). The dwarves were unable to awaken her, however, a glass put was made so she could be displayed to show her beauty, even when she was dead (Taylor). The attempts at murder that the Queen did was a different change from the movie that only showed the one successful attempt. In the Disney classic, it was not true loves kiss that awakened her, but when the dwarves were carrying her coffin and hit a bump, it dislodged the piece of apple from her throat and a llowed her to awaken again (Taylor).Out of the Queens jealousy, she tried to kill Snow White. Snow Whites stick out mother died after giving birth and her father remarried and although never mentioned in any Disney movie, the Queen is her jealous stepmother much like Cinderella (Taylor). Despite that small misconception, the biggest and bloodiest change in Snow White comes from the Queen who not only wants her stepdaughter dead, but also wants her heart so she can eat it (Layt). Depending on the translation, the Queen may of asked for other internal organs such as the liver, lungs, intestines, etc. Layt). Unlike the fatal ending in Disneys Snow White, the Queen must turn a loss for her wickedness by dancing around on hot iron shoes until she drops dead at Snow Whites wedding party (Layt). Unfortunately, it wasnt a quick death off a cliff like seen in the movie. Snow White was one of the earliest and most changed tales from the Grimms collection yet, it is all the same loved for i ts originality today. With scarce amounts of detail, the classic story of Sleeping Beauty is one of the most exaggerated tales due to lack of original content (Disneyfication).They needed teeming material in the movie by Disney to cover two hours worth of film, changing and elongating the tale greatly (Disneyfication). Disneys film features a beautiful, young girl named Aurora, Rose for short. In the Grimms tales, she is known as Briar-Rose because she lived in it for 100 years of sleep was engulfed in thorns and bushes making it impossible for someone to save her (Dornroschen). Unfortunately, with the new productions and marketing, the evil dragon outside the castle wrapped in the thorns (Dornroschen).However, thorns were a major and difficult barrier to get through, but there wasnt any magical dragon that breathed fire (Dornroschen). The famous spindle is a symbolic feature of the Disney film, but in the original fairy tale, she does not shaft her figure on a spindle but does g et a piece of flax stuck under her finger nail that causes her to affect asleep, she is put into a orphic sleep for 100 years (Layt). While sleeping, a Prince climbs through the barriers and up to her sleeping body but instead of awakening her sleeping with a kiss, he rapes her and causes her to give birth to twins while sleeping (Layt).It is not the Princes kiss that lead cause her to awaken, but her child sucking on her finger that dislodges the piece of flax under her finger nail, allowing her to wake up early from the 100 years. She wakes up to a very confusing situation with a husband she did not know and kids she didnt remember having (Layt). The spunky redheaded mermaid under the sea is a well- known classic from Disney. Disney portrays the tale with a mermaid who longs to be a humankind and sees a prince that she wants to jibe pushing her to go on shore even more.She gives up her voice to an evil sea witch to be with him and ends up marrying him, backup happily ever af ter. In the original fairy tale, it is not because her voice was taken away that she couldnt talk, but because of excessive amounts of pain she felt any time she walked due to her weak leg muscles (Differences). With a young audience from Disney, the Little Mermaid is not lucky enough to have the man she wants and is offered a spit from her sister to kill him as revenge (Differences). Unfortunately, he was not in love with her and she must kill him to revert her back to her mermaid self again (Differences).In Disneys version, they transformed the ending dramatically. Instead of a sea witch tricking him, she is unable to kill the prince with the knife provided by her sister, so instead she plunges herself into the ocean because she cannot bare to see him with anyone else (Differences). This causes her body to turn into sea foam and she basically commits suicide ending the tale(Differences). Through the recreations of tales, little girls assume that they will live as those in Disney movies (Grimm vs. Disney).Some may grow out of it however, others may develop Fairy Tale Syndrome (Grimm vs. Disney). Girls who suffer from Fairy Tale Syndrome tend to struggle with relationships, trying to make the wrong roast fit into their lives ( cock-and-bull story Syndrome). They are unable to realize you cant fit a square peg in a round hole. Without realizing it, almost everyone suffers from Fairytale Syndrome meaning that they need that prince to come and sweep them off their feet (Dolnick). It is a subconscious occurrence that people cant help.People take they are in love when they fall under fairytale syndrome. Love is a chemical reaction and when people fall in love, their brains release certain kinds of chemicals that puts people on a amply making it harder to be resistant in a break up (Dolnick). Love is so emphasized in modern day society that some people may not even realize that they are actually addicted to it (Dolnick). Girls pretend to be something their not causing emotional stress in fear that no one will like them for who they are and feel like they must change (Gender Roles).Girls develop the feeling of being rushed into relationships from the yield of The Little Mermaid who immediately changes her whole life to be with him (Snow White Syndrome). This causes problems in girls lives because they didnt wait and followed the moves (Snow White Syndrome). It is believed that girls agonize over their air due to the glamorizing alterations Disney has made, setting high standards for every girl if she wants someone to come for her (Snow White Syndrome). The portrayal of princesses lives make young kids believe everything will come easy to them (Grimm vs. Disney).The view of what is normal to children as they read and watch fairytales act as early foundation for socialization processes of children that may cause them to believe everything comes easy (Kuykendal). Adopted or stepchildren may develop a specific syndrome called Cinderella Synd rome (Syndrome Diagnoses). This leads them to make outrageous stories of abuse and isolation such as what Cinderella suffered from (Syndrome Diagnoses). The portrayal of Cinderella in Disneys film reflects that women are dependent and terrified unless they are accompanied by a Prince, causing emotional issues in girls (Cinderella Syndrome).Although women may appear okay on the surface, on the inside they are dependent on men due to the demand the Prince receives (Cinderella Syndrome). It doesnt matter what age it appears that most women depend on men. While suffering form fairytale syndrome, you may also fall into a Soul Mate legerdemain (Fairytale syndrome). People who have this believe you will meet one person and you will know they are the one and will fall in love right away (Fairytale Syndrome). Although Soul Mate Fantasy may sound harmless, it is often the path towards self-destruction.People tend to set standards too high and cant find anyone or they will fall too unshakabl e for someone causing them to get hurt leaving them with emotional issues (Fairytale Syndrome). Master Servant Fantasy may occur as well. This means that people think a rich, handsome man will scoop them up out of their ordinary lives and bring them up to the riches they have (Fairytale Syndrome). What girls dont realize is that you dont have to drag yourself down to the bottom with the hopes that maybe someone will come along and pick you up (Fairytale Syndrome).It is believed the Disneyfied fairytales can cause a lot of mental insecurities. If Grimm Fairytales remained as originals, girls would not feel this false sense of hope they are receiving from movies. Critics claim that by reading the fairytales, it creates sexual urge stereotypes in kids minds showing how they are supposed to act most of the time women being inferior to men (Kuykendal). A repetitive exposure to sexual activity roles was concerning researchers with fear that a child may grow up with low self esteem (Kuyk endal).Critics began to question a child development after they noticed the gender patterns in fairytales around the 1960s (Kuykendal). After being stripped of its violence in the 17th coke, it as greatly criticized in the 18th century and on (Sexes). A set of critics claims Disney productions are sexist (Sexes). New goals formed amongst feminist writers stating that they would try to depict a character that is em forceed regardless of the gender they have (Kuykendal). Authors must now revision classic works to reinvent powerful women, male protagonists, and feminist narratives in their writing (Kuykendal).Many new feminist authors are altering and are rewriting original fairytales to fit in feminist views rather than fractured or corrupt fairytales (Kuykendal). As new times progress, feminist writers are striving to reject the weak, submissiveness of women and show them that they can be just as strong as men (Kuykendal). In Disney films, a woman invariably inescapably a man to s ave her. A woman is never strong enough to stop them and needs a man to step in for them (Origin). libber believe there are two types of women shown in Disney fairytales.The good women are always passive and victimized (Kuykendal). On the contrary, bad women must always be killed or punished. Feminists argue that the powerful figures are always evil and submissive women are rewarded with a happy ending (Kuykendal). Feminist argue that powerful, smart women in fairytales always have a false interpretation because in Disneys productions they are always hags, witches, or deranged stepmothers (Sexes). Only powerful, immortal women in fairytale are powerful and strong, showing the separation between mortal and immortal (Kuykendal).Mortal women are beautiful yet weak and immortal figures can be beautiful and powerful (Kuykendal). All evil villains in Disney movies act as targets to get killed because they abused the power they were given and it backfired on them very badly (Kuykendal). T he only elision to mortal women being powerful is if they are ugly or evil (Kuykendal). In some cases, women with power are ugly and evil showing how only good, submissive women can succeed (Kuykendal). Classic Disney movies also shape mens views as looking at them as objects of pleasure and servants (Sexism). Women are looked at as images of sex.When men meet princesses, they automatically fall in love with them. Men have no interest in anything else except for the fact that they are beautiful (Chaos). Cinderella is saved from horrible living conditions and gets married to a prince because she is beautiful and no other reason (Disney Princesses). Snow White is believed to have been saved by her beauty and sexuality. She was attempted to be killed because of her beauty that imposed a threat to another woman (Disney Princesses). Sleeping beauty was cursed at birth because of a political position amongst her parents.She is killed by another woman out of spite and is woken by a kiss b ecause of the attraction of her sexuality (Disney Princesses). Lastly, the Little Mermaid drastically changes her manner so she can be more attractive to men. Her voice is taken in exchange but it is her sexuality that makes him fall in love with her making her voice useless (Disney Princesses). Stories portray women as weak, submissive, dependable, and self sacrificing while men remain as powerful figures. Women are always beautiful, however they lack power to control their lives unlike men who are handsome and unstoppable (Kuykendal).Not only are gender stereotypes imposed through women in fairytales but in men as well setting an individual set of standards for them as well (Sexism). In several studies, it was concluded that there was many patterns showing male confidence and female subservience (Kuykendal). Also, in Disney films, it shows how men are defined through primarily physical fitness and appearance (Sexism). Disney movies also show men that have the classic body type f or men that is extremely fit and in shape. Only those who are handsome and in shape will get the girl (Sexism).In many films, the outcast in society is seen as opposites to the manly figures being sensitive, short, and not physically fit as the bodies of the heroes (Sexism). All women in fairytales must be moral and are expected to look beyond appearances to whats inside. Men are allowed to be shallow, however, all women must rise above this (Chaos). In most films, the climax scenes always focus on a man fighting for power to either win a womans heart or for pride in themselves (Sexism). In spite of childrens concerns, feminist caution parents to be careful of what they are exposing their children to.Fairy tales can be immensely influential on childrens minds and by relaying the wrong message it can be harmful (Kuykendal). Fairytales have developed and changed over time, however the building blocks from the Grimms Fairy Tales will always be the classics. Disney has changed and modif ied things but the originals still remain. The new productions show different views and could be potentially harmful to the youth. The Grimms Fairy tales will always be a famous work of classic literature that contains only the real stories of fairytales.

Role of Stakeholder Paper

Role of Stakeholder Paper Jasmine Zeno MGT/420 November 1, 2012 Dr. Allen Timmons Role of Stakeholder Paper Introduction The purpose of this paper is to identify who are the stakeholders in an constitution and the importance they play within an organization. First I ordaining identify what a stakeholder is and explain how important stakeholders are to the growth of the organization.Next I will explain how and identify the property commission forge and how the stakeholders play an important intent in the implementation quality management attend to. Finally I will conclude by using Federal Express as an example organization from our reading how they were able to mingled different stakeholders within their organization to throw away out a new process. Stakeholder and their importance with an Organization Stakeholder is someone who has an interest in the well being of the organization.A Stakeholder can be defined as a person, group, or organization that may have either a direc t or indirect stake in an organization and can be modify by the actions, objectives, and policies of the organization or have an effect on the actions, objectives and policies and organization may take (Business Dictionary, 2012). Stakeholders are essential to the growth of any organization because of the role each one of the stakeholders plays. Stakeholders can be internal internal is someone who figure outs for the organization who provides an important service for the organization.A stakeholder can also be remote as well external can be someone who invest money into the organization but is not involved in the twenty-four hours to day running of the organization. It is important to understand the roles and the influence that a stakeholder has in implementing a quality management process. For one to understand the importance a stakeholder plays in implementing the process one would have to understand and really what a stakeholder is and the role they play in the implementation of the quality management process. Quality management and its importanceThe culture of the organization plays an important part of the implementation in quality management process, and understanding how the stakeholder plays an important part in the implementation process is important. According to our reading the management processes that overarch and tie together the control and assurance activities make up quality management (S. Thomas Foster, 2007). It is important for an organization to have effective quality management. The reading states that a number of mangers, supervisors, and employees are all involved in quality management.Such as, planning for quality improvement, creating a quality organizational culture, providing training and train and providing leadership and support and the list goes on (S. Thomas Foster, 2007). Federal Express management evaluation system Federal Express doors open in 1973 in that location were eight small aircrafts at that time to handle the wo rkload. Now today Federal Express is one of the worlds largest cargo fleet. FedExs philosophical system guide management policies and actions were People-Service-Profit (S. Thomas Foster, 2007). FedEx integrate all levels when implementing a policies within in their organization.Lets take for example FedEx management evaluation system called SFA (survey, feedback, action) that involved a survey of employees, analysis of each groups results by the work groups manager, and a discussion between the manager and the work group to develop written action plans for the manager to improve and become more effective (S. Thomas Foster, 2007). Conclusion Stakeholders play an important role in the implementation and the affect that each one of the stakeholders has all depends on the type of control they have as a stakeholder.For the implementation to be successful it is important to know who the stakeholders are and each one of their needs. Stakeholders roles within the organization are vital to the growth and the successes of the organization. Involving stakeholders in the implementation in any process within the organization has proven to be a right decision.References S. Thomas Foster. (2007). Managing Quality. Integrating the Supply Chain. Retrieved from S. Thomas Foster, MGT/420 website. Stakeholder. (2012). In Business Dictionary. Retrieved from http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/stakeholder. html

Argumentative Essay World Civ

Argumentative Essay on Olaudah Equiano Upon doing further research, Olaudah Equiano was absolutely born in Africa He was kidnapped and sold into thrall when he was just a young boy. His vivid accounts, as he was sold from trader to trader, are so moving and heartfelt. No 1 could express such deep sympathy for the multitude of early(a) black slaves had he not been there during the experience. The following few paragraphs will explain just how he came to be sold into slavery and some of the things that he saw while he was being traded and carryped from place to place.Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in what is now eastern Nigeria. Life in his village was typical of the times. Families worked together to cultivate corn, cotton, yams, and beans. Men herded cattle and goats. Women spun and wove cotton. Equianos father was a distinguished clan elder and judge in the community. It was a gear up that Equiano was in line to inherit one day. That never happened. Equiano, when a boy, was kidnapped and sold into slavery. Sold from trader to trader, he did not meet Europeans until he reached the coast.Years later, he described his impressions The first object which saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast was the sea, and a slave ship which was then riding at anchor and waiting for its cargo. These fill me with astonishment, which was soon converted into terror when I was carried on board. I was immediately handled and tossed up to see if I were sound by some of the crew, and I was now persuaded that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits and that they were going to kill me. Looking about him, Equiano saw a multitude of black people of every(prenominal) description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow. Overwhelmed, he fainted. Fellow Africans revived him and tried to reliever him. Equiano says I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those white men. Equiano was shipped to Barbados, then to Virginia, and later to England. Purchased by a ships captain, he traveled widely. He learned to read and write, eventually bought his freedom, and played a booster cable role in the movement to abolish slavery in Britain.In 1789 he published the story of his life, one of the few accounts (and possibly the best) written about the slave trade by an African victim of it. Millions of other Africans were not so fortunate. Torn from their homes and families, they were shipped across the Atlantic in conditions of great cruelty. They, along with the children they bore, were bought and sold similar cattle and forced to toil without pay to increase the wealth of strangers. Most had no rights and could be punished, abused, or even killed at the whim of their owners. For most of those oppressed, the only deliverance from slavery was death.

Bless Me Ultima Essay

Bless Me, Ultima, By Rudolfo Anaya is a moving story around a son who is the last hope of his family and must decide on a culture and his own fate. Throughout the check readers recognizes allusions to the Bible but mainly to the sanctum sanctorum tercet. The sanctum sanctorum Trinity is an alliance of trey principles, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Antonio has three religions that influence him and each be alluded to the Trinity. The Father represents the Catholic religion and god, also the cartel he resembles. The thriving Carp alludes to the Son, and his guidance of right and wrong and Antonios morality.The Holy Spirit is represented by Ultima and sure- abounding(a) curandera that resembles erudition. By analysis of the book Bless Me Ultima, Anya uses the allusion of the Holy Trinity to conclude that through wisdom, faith, and morality a passage of arms can be reconciled. Throughout the text, Rudolfo Anaya uses the allusion of the Holy Spirit illustrates tha t when one only relies on wisdom a conflict can non be resolved. This conclusion is confirmed when Tenorio has blamed Ultima who resembles wisdom and the Holy Spirit, for the loss of his child. It is not rumor, Narciso pleaded, he has gathered his cronies around him at the bar, he has filled them with whiskey all day, and he has convert them to burn a witch They go far on a witchhunt (Pg 128).The citizens fear of Ultima shows that he is victimization the allusion of the Holy Spirit and when Antonio only relies on one part of his Holy Trinity he fails to get off to resolving his conflict. Then he soon finds himself and his family in danger. Antonio again only depends on the wisdom Ultima supplies him, and past he realizes an internal conflict he has fabricated after witnessing a fight between Narciso and Andrew. Had I already lost my innocence? How? I had seen Lupito murdered I had seen Ultimas cure I had seen the men come to hang her I had seen the awful fight just now I had s een and reveled in the beauty of the gilt carp Oh God My soul groaned and I thought that it would burst and I would die huddled against the nefariousness house. How had I sinned? (Pg 165).Suggesting that Antonio has only leaned on Ultima he finds himself in a dilemma inwardly his cultures in that he has been separating his cultures instead of creating intimacy between them. By only confiding in part of theHoly Trinity one has to go through a pagan struggle without it macrocosm reconciled. Numerous times in the text Anaya uses the allusion of the Father in the Holy Trinity to explain that when one only focuses on faith a ethnic conflict will not be compensated. For example, during one of Antonios dreams, he interprets God as a sort of evil figure. You foolish boy, God ro ard, dont you see you are caught in your own trap You would pull in a God who forgives all, but when it comes to your personal whims you seek penalty for your vengeance Vengeance is MineHe shouted, not even y our golden carp would give up that power as a god(Pg 173). The fact that God is illustrated as a bad compositors case in his dream it is clear that Anaya is using allusion within the Holy Trinity in that it is not enough to only take part in one section and might result in doubts corresponding Antonios. Also, after the death of Narciso, Antonio returns back to school and has many things running through his mind. I thought a great deal about God and why he let such things happen peradventure, I thought, God had not seen the murder take place, and thats is why He had not punished Tenorio.Perhaps God was too busy in heaven to worry or care about us(Pg 186-187). The author uses the feeling of doubt in faith to show that when Antonio regulates the faith in his demeanor he ends with failure. This occurs be sheath Anaya uses allusion within the Holy Trinity to suggest that if you only regard the Father and the faith in which he represents ones cultural conflict will not cease. As Anaya uses the allusion of the Son in the Holy Trinity it is evident that only confining in morality concludes to a cultural conflict.Readers experience this conflict multiple times throughout the text. One specific event is when Cico and Antonio are having a conversation about the gilded Carp and how Antonio would like to see the fish. We digest never taken a non-believer to see him, he said solemnly. But I want to believe, I looked up and pleaded, its just that I hand to believe in Him? (Pg 107). The author alludes to the culture of the Golden Carp to resemble the Son in the Holy Trinity one sees here that when Antonio contradicts his religion and only focuses on his morals.Also when Antonio maintains Its just that I have to believe in Him? it is clear that faith and wisdom are not being considered in his decisions and because of that, cause conflict. Antonios morals rise and fall throughout the book according to his three cultures and the three split in his Holy Trinity. When he only relies on morality we find that he is lost within himself. While Antonio is with Cico and they are waiting for the Golden Carp to show one of Antonios friends, Florence, dies in the water. later that night he has a dream where all that he had lived for is now being killed around him. check He pointed to the creek where Cico lay in wait for the golden carp. When the golden carp appeared Cico struck with his barb and the water ran blood red (Pg 244). Through the allusion of the Son this passage and the comparison of the Golden Carp being killed shows that if one is too strong in one section of the Holy Trinity it is no good. When Cico murders the Golden Carp it concludes that Antonio cannot accommodate his three cultures by keeping them separate and not combined.It is apparent that the most ineffectual way to reconcile a cultural conflict is only alluding to one of the three constituents of the Holy Trinity. By closely examining Anayas use in allusion, it is clear that the most effective way to handle cultural conflicts is to believe in morality, wisdom, and faith. Antonios conflict is a result of not combing the three move of the Holy Trinity. While he is in church he is listening to the priest speak. How many persons are there in one God? he continued. Three. The Father, the son, and the Holy Ghost (Pg 199).The author chooses to literally say that a God cannot work without the three main components. This shows resemblance in Antonios life when he tries to keep Catholicism, The Golden Carp, and Ultima all separate pieces. He questions if he can combine or create resolution for his conflict but hesitates to take action. Does one have to choose? I asked. Is it possible to have both? (Pg 238). This shows that Antonio recognizes his problem and starts to connect with all three parts of the Trinity, wishing they could all are one, and not realizing he has the power to do so.Through the power of the Holy Trinity, (God, The Golden Carp, and Ultima) Anto nio comes to the conclusion to reconcile his cultural struggles. Take the llano and the river valley, the moon and the sea, God, and the golden carp-and make something new, I said to myself. That is what Ultima meant by building strength from life Papa, I asked, Can a new religion be made? (Pg. 247). Anaya attempts to inspire the reader by illustrating that within togetherness one can incorporate their cultures and create a new one.To conclude in Antonios struggle within himself it is inevitable that one can overcome a cultural battle by reliance of faith, wisdom, and morality. The Holy Trinity does not work if all parts arent connected. In Antonios life, the only way he would become successful it to combine and control his three cultures into one, never let one over power the other. In Bless Me, Ultima one can see a reoccurrence of resemblance to the Trinity and many other Bible references. Rudolfo Anaya suggests that one has the power to do anything with wisdom, faith, and moralit y in his or hers heart.

Chinese Literature Essay

2000 by Andre impose All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and bear witnessing, or by any information storage and retrieval g everywherenance, without permission in. physical composition from the anesthetiseer. The Association of Ameri place University Presses Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper use in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed program library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data levy, Andre, date La litt geological erature chinoise ancienne et classique. English Chinese belles-lettres, old-fashi wizardd and authorized / by Andre levy translated by William H. Nienhauser, Jr. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33656-2 (alk . paper) 1. Chinese literatureHistory and criticism. I. Nienhauser, William H. II. Title. PL2266. L48 2000 895. 109dc21 99-34024 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 01 00.For my own early translators of French, Daniel and Susan Con ecstasyts ix pre displace 1 introduction Chapter 1 old-fashi unitarydness 5 I. Origins II. Let a degree Celsius flowers bloom, Let a ascorbic acid schoolhouses of thought cont demise 1. Mo zi and the Logicians 2. Legalism 3. The Fathers of Taoism III. The Confucian Classics 31 Chapter 2 Prose I. Narrative Art and Historical Records II. The growth of the old-fashioned Style III. The Golden Age of Trivial Literature IV. Literary Criticism Chapter 3 metrical composition 61 I. The Two Sources of quaint poesy 1.The strains of Chu 2. Poetry of the Han Court II. The Golden Age of Chinese Poetry 1. From Aesthetic Emotion to Metaphysical Flights 2. The Age of Maturity 3. The Late Tang III. The Triumph of Genres in Song Chapter 4 Literature of Entertainment The ref reshing and Theater 105 I. Narrative Literature Written in neoclassic Chinese II. The Theater 1. The Opera-theater of the North 2. The Opera-theater of the South III. The Novel 1. Oral Literature 2. Stories and Novellas 3. The Long Novel or Saga Index 151 Translators Preface.I first became- interested in translating Andre Levys recital of Chinese literature, La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique (Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), in 1996, after finding it in a bookshop in Paris. I read sections and was intrigued by Professor Levys approach, which was modeled on literary genres earlier than political eras. I immediately thought about translating parts of the book for my graduate History of Chinese Literature class at the University of Wisconsin, a class in which the importance of dynastic change was as well as downplayed. Like some(prenominal) plans, this one was set aside.Last spring, however, when the panel on our fields desiderata headed by David Rolston at the 1998 Association for Asian Studies Meeting pronounced that one of the study aims was for a pithy history of Chinese literature in about 125 pages (the exact length of Professor Levys original text), I revived my interest in this deracination. I pro be the book to privy Gallman, manager of inch University Press, and John approved it almost immediately- plainly, non before warning me that this kind of project can take much more than time than the translator originally envisions.Although I respect Johns experience and knowledge in publishing, I was sure I would prove the exception. After all, what kind of nark could a little book of 125 pages cause? I soon engraft out. Professor Levy had originally written a much longer manuscript, which was to be published as a appurtenant volume to Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequiers La Litterature chinoise (Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1948) in the Que sais-je? (What Do I Know? ) series.This concept, however, was soon abandone d, and it Several decades agone Anne-Marie Geoghegan translated this volume as Chinese Literature (New York Walker, 1964). x Translators Preface was decided to publish the Levy appendix as a separate volume-in 125 pages. Professor Levy was thence asked to foreshorten his manuscript by one- third base. As a result, he was sometimes forced to presume in his hearing certain knowledge that some readers of this book-for example, chthoniangraduate students or interested parties with little background in Chinese literature-may non retain.For this reason, working guardedly with Professor Levy, I have added (or revived) a number of contextual sentences with these readers in mind. More information on many of the authors and whole kit and caboodle discussed in this history can be found in the entries in The atomic number 49 Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (volumes 1 and 2 Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1986 and 1998). Detailed references to these entries and other re levant studies can be found in the Suggested Further Reading sections at the end of each chapter (where the abbreviated reference Indiana Companion refers to these two volumes).I also sight that re-translating Professor Levys French translations of Chinese texts sometimes resulted in renditions that were a like far from the original, raze in this age of distance education. So I have translated almost all of the more than long hundred excerpts of original works directly from the original Chinese, using Professor Levys French versions as a guide wherever possible. All this was done with the blessing and cooperation of the author. Indeed, among the many citizenry who helped with this translation, I would selfsame(prenominal) to especially thank Professor Andre Levy for his unflinching interest in and support of this translation.Professor Levy has read much of the English version, including all passages that I k new-fangled were problematic (there are no doubt others ), and offe red comments in a long series of letters oer the past few months. Without his assistance the translation would neer have been completed. Here in Madison, a trio of graduate students have helped me with questions Translators Preface xi about the Chinese texts Mr. Cao Weiguo riftlal, Ms. Huang Shuyuang MV and Mr. Shang Cheng I*.They saved me E, from innumerable errors and did their work with interest and soaring spirits. Mr. Cao also helped by pointing out problems in my interpretation of the original French. Mr. Scott W. Galer of Ricks College read the entire manuscript and offered a number of invaluable comments. My wife, Judith, was unrelenting in her demands on behalf of the general reader. The most careful reader was, however, Jane Lyle of Indiana University Press, who painstakingly copy-edited the text. If there is a literary style to this translation, it is due to her efforts.My thanks, too, to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation which supported me in Berlin by the summer of 1997 when I first read Professor Levys text, and especially to John Gallman, who stood behind this project from the beginning. Madison, Wisconsin, 16 February 1999 (Lunar New Years Day) Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical entry Could one still write, as Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier did in 1948 in the What Do I Know series issue forth 296, which preceded this book, that the study of Chinese literature, long neglected by the Occident, is still in itsinfancy? Yes and no. on that point has been some spectacular progress and some foundering. At any rate, beginning at the start of the ordinal century, it was westsideerners who were the first- watch overed by the Japanese, before the Chinese themselves-to produce histories of Chinese literature. Not that the Chinese tradition had non taken note of an evolution in literary genres, that the prestige of wen 5 signifying both literature and civilization, placed it above history-anthologies, compilations, and catalogues were prefe rred.Moreover, the popular side of literature-fiction, drama, and oral verse-because of its lack of seriousness or its vulgarity, was not judged dignify enough to be considered wen. Our goal is not to add a new work to an already extended list of histories of Chinese literature, nor to supplant the excellent summary by Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier which had the impossible task of presenting a history of Chinese literature in about a hundred pages. Our desire would be kind of to attendant the list by presenting the reader with a different approach, one more concrete, less dependent on the dynastic chronology.Rather than a history, it is a picture-inevitably incompleteof Chinese literature of the past that this little book offers. Chinese high literature is ground on a hard core of classical training consisting of the committal to memory of texts, nearly a half-million characters for every candidate who reaches the highest competitive examinations. We might see the classical art of writing as the arranging, in an appropriate and astute fashion, of lines recalled by memory, something ,Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier, Introduction, La litterature chinoise (Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), p. 5Que saisje, no. 296. 2 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical that came almost automatically to traditional Chinese intellectuals. The goal of these writers was not solely literary. They hoped through their literary productions to earn a reputation that would help them find support for their efforts to pass the imperial civil-service examinations and thereby eventually win a position at court.Although there were earlier tests leading to political advancement, the carcass that existed nearly until the end of the imperial period in 1911 was know as the jinshi A or presented pupil examination (because successful candidates were presented to the emperor), and was developed during the late seventh and early eighth centuries A. D. It required the writing of poetry a nd essays on themes set by the examiners. Successful candidates were then given minor positions in the bureaucracy.Thus the committal to memory of a huge corpus of earlier literature and the ability to compose on the spot became the major qualifications for political office through most of the period from the eighth until the early twentieth centuries. These examinations, and literature in general, were composed in a classical, standard speech communication comparable to Latin in the West. This classical language persisted by opposing writing to speech through a sort of partial bilingualism. The strict prohibition of vulgarisms, of elements of the spoken language, from the examinations has helped to maintain the purity of classical Chinese.The spoken language, also labeled vulgar, has produced some literary monuments of its own, which were recognise as such and qualified as classics only a few decades ago. The unity of the two languages, classical and vernacular, which share the same fundamental structure, is undermined by grammars that are appreciably different, and by the fact that these languages hold to diametrically opposed stylistic paragons lapidary concision on the one hand, and eloquent vigor on the other.We break up by pointing out that educated Chinese add to their sur makes, which are always given first, a long variety of personal names, which can be disconcerting at times. The standard given name (ming Introduction 3 is often avoided out of decorum thus Tao Qian Miff is often referred to En We will bear on only the by his zi (stylename) as Tao Yuanming beat out known of these names, avoiding hao at (literary name or nickname), bie hao ZIJM (special or finicky literary name), and shi ming (residential name) whenever possibleWhen other names are apply, the standard ming will begiven in parentheses. The goal here is to enable the reader to form an idea of traditional Chinese literature, not to comp enhance a history of it, which might resu lt in a lengthy catalogue of works for the most part unknown today. We are compelled to sacrifice quantity to present a limited number of literary stars, and to melt off the listing of their works to allow the citation of a number of previously unpublished translations, inevitably reduce but sufficient, we hope, to evoke the content of the original.The chronological approach will be handled somewhat roughly because of the need to follow the development of the big(p) literary genres after the presentation of antiquity, the period in which the common coating of the educated elite was established, write outs an examination of the prose genres of high classical literature, then the description of the art most regard by the literati, poetry. The final section treats the literature of diversion, the most discredited but nonetheless highly prized, which brings in concert the novel and the theater.Chapter 1. Antiquity Ancient literature, recorded by the scribes of a rapidly evolving warlike and aristocratic society, has been carefully preserved since earliest times and has become the basis of Chinese lettered culture. It is with this in mind that one must approach the evolution of literature and its role over the course of the two-thousand-year-old imperial government, which collapsed in 1911, and hear to understand the importance (albeit increasingly limited) that ancient literature retains today.The term antiquity applied to China posed no problems until certain Marxist historians went so far as to suggest that it ended only in 1919. The indigenous tradition had placed the break nigh 211 B. C. , when political unification brought about the establishment of a centralized but prefectural government under the Legalists, as well as the famous keen of books opposed to the Legalist state ideology. Yet to suggest that antiquity ended so early is to minimize the portion of Buddhism and the transformation of thought that took place between the third and seventh ce nturies.The hypothesis that modernity began early, in the 11th or perhaps ordinal century in China, was developed by Naito Konan NAM 1 (1866-1934). This idea has no want of critics or of supporters. It is opposed to the accepted idea in the West, conveyed by Marxism, that China, a living fossil, has uncomplete entered modern times nor participated in the global civilization that started with the Opium War of 1840.Nor is there unanimity concerning the periodization proposed in diachronic linguistics, a periodization which distinguishes Archaic Chinese of High Antiquity (from the origins of language to the third century) from Ancient Chinese of Mid-Antiquity (sixth to twelfth centuries), then Middle Chinese of the Middle Ages (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries) from Modern Chinese (seventeenth-nineteenth centuries), and Recent Chinese (18401919) from Contemporary Chinese (1920 to the present). 6 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical.In the area of literature, the beginning of the end of antiquity could perhaps be placed in the second century A. D. Archaeology has elevated our knowledge of more ancient writings toward the beginning of the second millennium B. C. , but this archaic period, discovered recently, cannot be considered part of literary patrimony in the strictest sense. Accounts of this archaic period are traditionally divided into six eras,2 but to honor them would be to fall into the servitude of a purely chronological approach.I. Origins Since the last year of the last century, when Wang Yirong . 1. 6M (1845-1900) compiled the first collection of inscriptions written on bones and shells, the increasing number of archaeological discoveries has allowed the establishment of a corpus of nearly 50,000 inscriptions extending over the period from the fourteenth to the tenth centuries before our era. Dong Zuobin (1895-1963) proposed a periodization for them and distinguished within them the styles of different schools of scribes.Scholars have managed t o decipher a third of the total of some 6,000 distinct signs, which are clearly related to the system of writing used by the Chinese today-these were certainly not primitive forms of characters. The oracular inscriptions are inescapably short-the longest known text, of a hundred or so characters, covers the scapula of an ox and extends even over the supporting bones the shell of a southern species of the dandy tortoise, also used to record divination, did not offer a more extensive surface.Whether a literature existed at this ancient time seems rather doubtful, but this scriptural evidence causes one to consider whether eras are the early Chou dynasty (eleventh century-722 B. C. ), the Spring and tumble era (722-481 B. C. ), the Warring States (481-256 B. C. ), the Chin dynasty (256-206 B. C. ), the Western or Early Han dynasty (206 B. C. -A. D. 6), and the Eastern or Latter Han dynasty (25-A. D. 220). 2These Chapter 1. Antiquity 7 the Shu jing Efg (Classic of Documents), suppose dly revised by Confucius but often criticized as a spurious text, was based in part on authentic texts.The presence of an early sign representing a bundle of slips of timberland or bamboo confirms the existence of a primitive form of book in a very ancient era-texts were written on these slips, which were then bound together to form a fascicle. The purpose of these ancient archives, which record the motivation for the diviners speech, his identity, and sometimes the result, has been ignored. Of another nature are the inscriptions on bronze that appeared in about the eleventh century B. C. and went out of fashion in the second century B.C.They attracted the attention of amateur scholars from the eleventh century until modern times. Many collections of inscriptions on stone and bronze have been published in the intervening eras. The longest texts extend to as much as 5-hundred signs, the forms of which often seem to be more archaic than those of the inscriptions on bones and shell s. The most ancient inscriptions indicate nothing more than the person to whom the bronze was consecrated or a commemoration of the name of the sponsor.Toward the tenth century B. C. the texts evolved from several dozen to as many as a hundred signs and took on a commemorative character. The inspiration for these simple, solemn texts is not always easily discernible because of the obscurities of the archaisms in the language. An echo of certain pieces transmitted by the Confucian school can be seen in some texts, but their opacity has disheartened many generations of literati. II. Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend This statement by Mao Zedong, do to launch a liberalization movement that was cut short in 1957, was inspired by an exceptional(a) period in Chinese cultural history (from the fifth to the third centuries 8 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical B. C. ) in which there was a proliferation of schools-the hundred schools. The various masters of these schools offered philosophical, often political, discussion. The growth of these schools paralleled the rise of rival states from the time of Confucius (the Latinized version of the Chinese original, Kong Fuzi TL-T- or Master Kong, ca. 551-479 B.C. ) to the end of the Warring States period (221 B. C. ).The hundred schools came to an end with the unification of China late in the third century B. C. under the Legalist rule of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. ). This era of freedom of thought and intellectual exchange never completely ceased to offer a model, albeit an unattainable model, in the search for an alternative to the oppressive ideology imposed by the centralized state. Much of what has reached us from this confounded world was saved in the wake of the reconstruction of Confucian writings (a subject to which we will magical spell shortly).The texts of the masters of the hundred schools, on the periphery of orthodox literati culture, are of uneven quality, reg ardless of the philosophy they offer. veritable(a) the best, however, have not come close to dethroning the Chinese Socrates, Confucius, the first of the owing(p) thinkers, in both chronology and importance. 1. Mo Zi and the Logicians. The work known as Mo Zi (Master Mo) is a collection of the writings of a sect founded by Mo Di g, an obscure personage whom scholars have wanted to make a contemporary of Confucius.It has been hypothesized that the name Mo, ink, referred to the tattooing ofa convict in antiquity, and the given name, Di, indicates the pheasant feathers that decorated the hats of the common people. Although we can only speculate about whether Mo Zi was a convict or a commoner, he argued for a kind of bellicose pacifism toward aggressors, doing his best to promote, through a utilitarian process of reasoning, the necessity of believing in the gods and of practicing universal love without discrimination. condemn the extravagant expense of funerals as well as the useless ness of art and music, Mo Zi Chapter 1. Antiquity 9 wrote in a style of discouraging weight.The work that has come down to us under his name (which appears to be about two-thirds of the original text) represents a direction which Chinese civilization explored without ever prizing. Mo Zis mode of argument has influenced many generations of logicians and sophists, who are known to us only in fragments, the main division of which has been to demonstrate in their curious way of argumentation peculiar features of the Chinese language. Hui Shi Ea is known only by the thirty-some paradoxes which the incomparable Zhuang Zi cites, without attempting to solve, as inThere is nothing beyond the Great Infinity.. . and the Small Infinity is not inside. The antinomies of reason have nourished Taoist thought, if not the other way around, as Zhuang Zi attests after the final stage of his friend Hui Shi Zhuang Zi was accompanying a funeral procession. When he passed by the grave of Master Hui he tu rned around to say to those who were following him A fellow from Ying had spattered the tip of his nose with a bit of plaster, like the wing of a fly. He had it removed by his crony the carpenter Shi, who took his ax and twirled it around. He cut it off, then heard a wind the plaster was entirely removed without scratching his nose.The man from Ying had remained standing, impassive. When he learned of this, Yuan, the monarch butterfly of the country of Song, summoned the carpenter Shih and said to him, Try then to do it again for Us. The carpenter responded, Your consideration is capable of doing it however, the material that he made use of died long ago. After the death of the Master, I too no longer can find the material I no longer have anyone to smatter to. (Zhuang Zi 24) Sons of the logicians and the sophists, the rhetoricians shared with the Taoists a taste for apologues.They opposed the Taoist solution of a 10 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical detached non-actio n, involved as they were in diplomatic combat. Held in contempt by the Confucians for their Machiavellianism, the Zhanguo ce Vg (Intrigues of the Warring States) remains the most representative work of the genre. It was reconstructed several centuries later by Liu Xiang gj 1-(4 (77-6 B. C. ), but the authenticity of these reassembled materials seems to have been confirmed by the discovery of parallel texts in a tomb at Mawang Dui gUttg in 1973.A great variety animates these accounts, both speeches and chronicles they are rich in dialogue, which cannot be equal by this single, although characteristic, anecdoteit is inserted without commentary into the intrigues (or slips) of the state of Chu The King of Wei offered the King of Chu a beautiful girl who gave him great satisfaction. Knowing how much the new woman pleased him, his wife, the queen, showed her the most intense affection. She chose clothes and baubles which would please her and gave them to her it was the same for her with rooms in the palace and bed clothes.In short, she gratified her with more attention than the king himself accorded her. He congratulated her for it a woman serves her husband through her carnal appeal, and jealousy is her nature. Now, understanding how I love the new woman, my wife shows her more love than Iit is thus that the filial son serves his parents, that the loyal servant fulfills his duties toward his prince. As she knew that the king did not consider her jealous, the queen suggested to her rival The king appreciates your beauty. However, he is not that fond of your nose. You would do better to hide it when he receives you. Therefore, the new one did so when she saw His Majesty. The king asked his wife wherefore his favorite hid her nose in his presence. She responded, I know. Even if it is unpleasant, tell me insisted the king. She does not like your odor. The brazen nag cried the sovereign. Her nose is to be cut off, and let no one question my localise Chapter 1. Antiquity 11 The Yan Zi chunqiu *T-*V( (Springs and Autumns of Master Yen) is another reconstruction by Liu Xiang, a collection of anecdotes about Yan Ying RV, a man of low-spirited stature but great ability who was prime minister to Duke Jing of Qi (547-490 B.C. )-the state that occupies what is now Shandong.Without cynicism, but full of shrewdness, these anecdotes do not lack appeal some have often been selected as anthology pieces, of which this one is representative When Master Yan was sent as an ambassador to Chu, the people of the country constructed a little supply next to the great one and invited him to enter. Yan Zi refused, declaring that it was suitable for an envoy to a country of dogs, but that it was to Chu that he had come on assignment. The chamberlain had him enter by the great gate.The King of Chu received him and said to him Was there then no one in Qi, for them to have sent you? How can you say there is no one in Qi, when there would be darkness in our capit al of Linzi if the people of the three hundred quarters fan out out their sleeves, and it would rain if they shook off their perspiration-so dense is the population. But then why have you been sent? The practice in Qi is to dispatch a worthy envoy to a worthy sovereign I am the most unworthy. . . . 2. Legalism.The diplomatic manipulations and other little anecdotes we have seen in the Yan Zi chunqiu were of little interest to the Legalists, who took their name from the idea that the hegemonic power of the state is founded on a system of implacable laws supposing the abolition of contagious privileges-indeed a tabula rasa that rejects morals and traditions. In fact, historians associate them with all thought that privileges efficacy. From this point of view, the most ancient Legalist would be the artisan of Qis hegemony in the seventh century B. C. , Guan Zi (Master Guan).The work that was handed down under his name is a composite text and in reality contains no material prior to the third century B. C. Whether or not he should be considered a Legalist, Guan Zi 12 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical embodies the idea that the power of the state lies in its prosperity, and this in turn depends on the circulation of goods. In sum, Guan Zi stands for a proto-mercantilism diametrically opposed to the primitive physiocraticism of Gongsun Yang (altV (also known as Shang Yang ), minister of Qin in the fourth century.Shang jun shu 1 (The 2 contain of Lord Shang), which is attributed to Gongsun Yang, gives the Legalist ideas a particularly brutal form It is the nature of people to measure that which is advantageous to them, to bind the best, and to draw to themselves that which is profitable. The enlightened lord must take care if he wants to establish order in his country and to be able to turn the population to his advantage, for the population has at its disposal a great number of means to avoid the strictness that it fears.Within the country he must caus e the people to consecrate themselves to farming without he must cause them to be singly devoted to warfare. This is why the order of a sage sovereign consists of multiplying interdictions in order to prevent infractions and relying on force to put an end to fraud. (Shang jun shu, Suan di) Shang Yangs prose is laden with archaisms, which hardly lighten the weight of his doctrine. It is in the work of Han Fei Zi 4-T- (ca. 280-233) that Legalism found its most urbane formulation.The book Han Fei Zi contains a commentary on the Classic of the Way and of Power of Lao Zi in which the ideal of Taoist non-action is realized by the automatism of laws. The artifice of the latter may go back to the Confucianism of Xun Zi (Master Xun, also known as Xun Qing ,Ajja, ca. 300-230 B. C. ), a school rejected by orthodox Confucianism. Xun Zi, who happens to have been the teacher of Han Fei Zi, developed the resplendent theory that human nature inclines individuals to satisfy their egoistic appetite s it was therefore bad for advanced societies of the time. The rites-culture-are necessary for socialization.Xun Zis Chapter 1. Antiquity 13 argumentation was unprecedentedly elaborate, examining every facet of a question while avoiding repetition. In a scintillating style peppered with apologues, Han Fei Zi argues that the art of governing requires techniques other than the simple manipulation of rewards and punishments. The prince is the cornerstone of a system that is supposed to ensure him of a protective impenetrableness. The state must devote itself to eliminating the useless, noxious five parasites or vermin the scholars, rhetoricians, knights-errant, deserters, and merchants (perhaps even artisans).3. The Fathers of Taoism. A philosophy of evasion, this school was opposed to social and political engagement. From the first Taoism was either a means to flee society and politics or a form of quilt for those who assumeed reversals in politics and society. The poetic power of its writings, which denounced limits and aphorisms of reason, explains the fascination that it continues to hold for intellectuals educated through the rationalism of the Confucians. These works, like most of the others from antiquity that were attributed to a master, in fact seem to be rather disparate texts of a school.The Dao de jing ittitg (Classic of the Way and of Power) remains the most often translated Chinese workand the first translated, if one counts the lost translation into Sanskrit by the monk Xuanzang WM in the seventh century A. D. This series of aphorisms is attributed to Lao Zi (Master. Lao or The one-time(a) Master), whom tradition considers a contemporary of Confucius. He is said to have left this testament as he departed the Chinese world via the Xiangu Pass for the West.In their polemics against the Buddhists, the Taoists of the following millennium used this story as the basis on which to affirm that the Buddha was none other than their Chinese Lao Zi, who ha d been converting the barbarians of the West since his departure from China. Modern scholarship estimates that the Lao Zi could not date earlier than the third century B. C. The 1973 discoveries at Mawang Dui in Hunan confirmed what scholars had suspected for centuries the primitive Lao Zi is reversed in respect to 14 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classicalours a De dao jing 1,M1 (Classic of Power and the Way).Its style, which is greatly admired for its obscure concision, seems to owe much to the indemnify work of the commentator Wang Bi . T3 (226-249). Thus it is tenable that the primitive Lao Zi was a work of soldiery strategy. Whatever it was, the text that is preferred today runs a little over 5,000 characters and is divided into 81 sections (9 x 9). The Taoist attitude toward life is expressed here in admirably striking formulae, which lend themselves to many esoteric interpretations He who knows does not speak he who speaks does not know (56).Govern a great state as you wo uld fry small fish (60). Practice non-action, attend to the useless, taste the flavorless. (63) The Zhuang Zi ate, written by Zhuang Zhou 4. -B1 or Zhuang Zi (Master Zhuang), was apparently abridged at about the same time as the Lao Zi, but at the hands of the commentator Guo Xiang -IM (d. 312), who cut it from fifty-two to thirty-three sections. Scholars cannot agree whether the seven initial sections, called the inner chapters, are from the same hand of Zhuang Zhou as the sixteen following, called the outer chapters, and the final ten miscellaneous chapters. It is in the final ten that we find a characteristic arrangement of reconstructions from the first century, works of one school attributed to one master. In fact, it is the first part which gives the most lively impression of an encounter with an animated personality whose mind is strangely vigorous and disillusioned Our life is limited, but knowledge is without limit. To follow the limitless with that which is limited will e xhaust one. To go unrelentingly after knowledge is exhausting and c.