Philippine culture Essay

Academic Scientific psychology or Akademiko-siyentipikal na Sikolohiya Western Tradition This follows the tradition of Wilhelm Wundt in 1876 and is fundamentally the Ameri fucking-oriented Western psychology being studied in the Filipinos. Academic philosophic psychological science or Akademiko-pilosopiya na Sikolohiya Western Tradition This was started by priest-professors at the University of Santo Tomas. This tradition is mainly focused on what is called Rational psychology. pagan psychological science or Taal na Sikolohiya This is the tradition on which Philippine psychology is primarily based.This disturbs to the indigenous opinions that ar studied using indigenous mental orientation and methodologies. Psycho-medical Religious psychological science or Sikolohiyang Siko-medikal The tradition that fuses native ameliorate techniques and explains it in an indigenous religious context. By Noeco C. Marquino,BS. Psychology UNO-R. Core value or Kapwa Kapwa, nub togetherne ss, is the core construct of Philippine Psychology. Kapwa refers to community not doing things al unrivaled. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao (other good deal) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people).Ibang Tao ( break throughsider) There are pentad domains in this construct Pakikitungo civility Pakikisalamuha act of mixing Pakikilahok act of connection Pakikibagay conformity Pakikisama being united with the group. Hindi Ibang Tao (one-of-us) There are troika domains in this construct Pakikipagpalagayang-loob act of mutual trust Pakikisangkot act of connective others Pakikipagkaisa being one with others Pivotal inter someoneal value Pakiramdam Shared privileged perceptions. Philippines use damdam, or the inner perception of others emotions, as a rudimentary tool to guide his dealings with other people. Linking socio-personal value Kagandahang-Loob Shared hu sliceity.This refers to being able to help other people in dire impoverishment due to a perception of being together as a pause of one Filipino human raceity. Accommodative stand up values Hiya by and large translated as shame by roughly Western psychologists, Hiya is positively wiz of propriety. Utang na Loob Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to homecoming favors-whether these were asked for or not-when it is needed or wanted. Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority.Confrontative surface values Bahala Na This attitude, slackly translated into English as fatalist passiveness, actually describes the Filipino way of life, in which, he is de limitinalined to do his best, hence the full term bahala na, which actually came from the phrase bathalan na, meaning I will do all my best, let God state care of the rest. Lakas ng Loob This attitude is characterized by being adventuresome in the midst of problems and uncertainties. Pakik ibaka Literally in English, it doer concurrent clashes. It refers to the dexterity of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy.Societal values Karangalan loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or decide more or less his/her worth. Puri the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her worth. Dangal the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth. Katarungan Loosely translated to estimableice, this actually refers to fairness in giving rewards to a person. Kalayaan Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less(prenominal) important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).Approaches and methods Approaches, or lapit, and methods, or pamamaraan, in Filipino Psychology are contrary from that of Western Psychology. In Filipino Psychology, the subjects, or p articipants, called kalahok, are considered as equal in status to the researcher. The participants are include in the research as a group, and not as individuals hence, an umpukan, or inborn cluster, is required to serve as the participants, per se. The researcher is introduced to a natural cluster by a tulay (bridge), who is a part of the umpukan and is a closely-respected man in the community.Some of the many approaches and methods used in Filipino Psychology are Pakikipagkuwentuhan In this method, the researcher engages in a account statement-telling with an umpukan. The researcher provided serves as the facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are the one who are to talk. The term kwento, from the Spanish word cuento, literally agent to tell a story. Panunuluyan In this method, the researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or participant while he conducts the research with consent by the legion family, whose precede serves as the tulay to an umpukan.The term tuloy , which is the root word of the term panunuluyan, literally means to go in. Pagdadalaw-dalaw In this method, the researcher occasionally visits the house of his host or tulay, as opposed to staying in the house. The term dalaw literally means visit. Pagtatanung-tanong In this method, the researcher undergoes a kind of psycheing academic session with his kalahok or participants. In this method, however, lead questions (those questions which directly refer to the topic being studied) are not supposed to be asked, instead the questions to be asked are supposed to scram been derived from the kalahoks answers themselves.The word tanong literally means question. Pakikiramdam In this approach, the researcher uses entirely his/her own feelings or emotions to resign if his participants or kalahok are ready to be part of his research or not. The term damdam literally means inner perception of emotions. Pakapa-kapa In this approach, the researcher uses look for, or a mixture of feelings as well as mountain, to justify his intrusion into the life of his/her participants or kalahok. The term kapa literally means to blow in the dark. Psychopathology.Filipino abnormal psychology, or sikopatolohiya in Filipino, from Spanish psicopatologia, is the need of abnormal psychology in the Filipino context. Several mental disorders withstand been identified that can be found only in the Philippines or in other nations with which Filipinos share racial connections. Examples of such are demoniacal Malayan mood disorder, more aptly called Austronesian Mood perturb, in which a person suddenly loses control of himself and goes into a violent death frenzy, after which he/she hallucinates and locomote into a trance.After he/she wakes up, he has absolutely no memory of the event. Bangungot A relatively common occurrent in which a person suddenly loses control of his respiration and digestion, and falls into a coma and ultimately to death. The person is believed to dream of fa lling into a deep abyss at the onset of his death. This syndrome has been repeatedly linked to Thailands Brugada syndrome and to the ingestion of rice. However, no such medical ties discombobulate been proven. Filipino psychopathology in any case refers to the different manifestations of mental disorders in Filipino people.One eccentric of such is the manifestation of depression and schizophrenia in Filipinos, which are for the most part, less violent. Psycho-medicine See also Philippine Mythology Filipino psychomedicine, or sikomedikal na sikolohiya in Filipino, is the application of basic psychology to native healing practices loosely considered as medicine. These practices are closely tied to the faith healers, as well as to the native pagan priestesses like the babaylan or katalonan, who were subdue by the Spaniards during their colonization of the Philippines. Examples of such practices includeHilot The use of massage to maintenance a pregnant mother in the delivery of he r child. Kulam Hex or bewitchment. Lihi An intense craving for something or someone during pregnancy. Faith healers or manghihilot tell that if the craving is not satisfied, abnormality of the child may result. Pasma A concept that explains how init (heat) and lamig (cold) together can result in illness, especially rheumatism. Susto Soul-flight. Derived from Latin American traditions. Pagtatawas A method of diagnosing illness wherein alum (called tawas) is ritualistically used by the albularyo or medicine man for diagnosis of a variety of health conditions.The tawas is used to cross (sign of the cross) the forehead and other suspicious or hurt parts of the body as prayers are being whispered (bulong or oracion). It is then placed on glowing embers, removed when it starts to crack, then transferred to a small receptacle of peeing. As it cools, its softened form spreads on the water surface and assumes a shape that may suggest the cause of the illness, often one of several indige nous forces dwarfs, devils or other evil spirits (na-nuno, na-kulam, na-demonyo).The water in the vehicle is then used to anoint the ailing part or parts of the body to counteract the evil forces or illness. The tawas is then discarded and thrown westward, preferably into the setting sun. Usog A concept that explains how a baby who has been greeted by a st cooking stover acquires a mysterious illness. seemingly derived from the Spanish tradition of Mal de Ojo. Gaba or gabaa The Cebuano concept of veto Karma. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Filipino_psychology annals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, or the Psychology of, about, and for the Filipinos.Psychology as an academic discipline in the Philippines started in the earliest 1900s when the U. S. colonized the country. Scientifically, it was generally viewed as a continuation of the development of psychology in the West. In the early 1970s, however, there came a turning point in the lives of Filipinos. It was a period marked by a high degree of nationalism, brought about by the declaration of the soldierly Law. It was ironic that the father of Philippine Psychology was, at that time, a young Ph. D. graduate of Northwestern University in the U. S. More on this topic.Filipino value autochthonal Concepts in Filipino Psychology Cultural, Societal Traditions Remain entire Part of Philippines Skin Whitening and Dark Beauty in the Philippines It was on the dot his Western education that made Sikolohiyang Pilipino founder Virgilio Enriquez realize the need to have a psychology based on the experience, ideas, and orientation of the Filipinos. Together with 3 other colleaguesProspero Covar (anthropologist), and Zeus Salazar (historian), and Alfredo Lagmay (psychologist)they helped establish the foundation for a psychology of and for the Filipinos.Enriquez had been a professor of Psychology in the University of the Philippines in Diliman in 1963, notwithstanding left in 1966 for the U. S. to pursue a Ph. D. in Soci al Psychology. From there, he watched the disillusionment of young student activists in the Philippines over the deteriorating political and social conditions of the country. When Enriquez runed to the Philippines in 1971, he embarked on a research study with Lagmay into the historical and pagan roots of Philippine Psychology, which included identifying indigenous concepts and approaches. Four years later, he chaired the first national conference on Filipino Psychology.In this conference, the ideas, concepts, and formulations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino were formally articulated. Sikolohiyang Pilipino in the University of the Philippines When Enriquez returned from the States, he and a few other colleagues translated foreign articles to Filipino. The students were also strongly encouraged to write their papers in this language instead of in English, which had been (and still is) the medium of instruction in the University. Gradually, more and more members of the faculty were convince d to use the Filipino language in tenet Introductory Psychology.The main problems they encountered in the use of Filipino in doctrine psychology, especially in its initial years, included the lack of materials written in Filipino and the lack of a technical vocabulary. These challenges were solved by translations, compilations of local anaesthetic materials, and choosing the appropriate words from the local dialect. There were times when the technical term was retained when there was no equivalent in Filipino. This did not pass away out because Enriquez realized that the translation failed to express a truly Filipino psychology.Other factors were the challengingy of expressing or explaining some Western concepts and theories in Filipino, the negative reactions of students who sometimes felt that their skill in speaking and writing in Filipino was wretched, and the students lack of fluency in the language. However, there were observable benefits as well brought about by the use of Filipino in direction psychology. Among other things It created violate rapport between teacher and students There was a more relaxed atmosphere in the classroom The students confidence grew in expressing their opinions, thoughts, and actual experiences.A different perspective, which was more Filipino, was introduced into the course Indigenous concepts were discovered and The stove of topics discussed became broader with the addition of information from local materials and experiences. Class discussions also became more cover in relation to Philippine reality. Psychology became link intimately and significantly to the everyday life of the people. Most importantly, with the birth of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, a psychology with a Filipino orientation was developed. The Status of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Now.Sikolohiyang Pilipino continues to thrive, despite the death of Enriquez in the early 90s. Its proponents continue to advocate for a psychology that is truly responsive and rum inative to the needs and the unique situation of the Filipino people. http//www. stumbleupon. com/su/2DjFxC/www. suite101. com/content/sikolohiyang-pilipinothe-history-of-philippine-psychology-a316940/ Filipino Psychology or Sikolohiyang Pilipino has basic concepts based on indigenous Filipino values, including hiya, bahala na, and utang na loob. According to founder Virgilio Enriquez,Sikolohiyang Pilipino or Filipino.Psychology is psychology in the Philippines, for and about the Filipinos. It has a number of concepts uniquely based on Filipino values. Filipino set in Focus One of the major focus of Sikolohiyang Pilipino are the values and concepts interpreted by foreign social scientists. Bahala na had been compared to the American fatalism. In Thomas Andress Dictionary of Filipino Culture and Values, it is be as the attitude that makes him accept sufferings and problems leaving everything to Godthis is a fatalistic resignation or withdrawal from an engagement or crisis or a shi rking from personal responsibility. For Filipino psychologists, however, bahala na is not fatalism but determination and risk-taking. Filipinos do not leave their fate to God when they say bahala na rather they are telling themselves that they are ready to face the difficult situation before them and will do their best to achieve their objectives. It is a way of pumping courage into their system before a difficult task. Ads by Google Expat & Local Counselling International team of therapists for kids, teens, adults, & couples www. thecounsellingplace. com surmisal Free MP3s Above the clouds, The sun is always shining.www. ramatalks. com Hiya and Other Misinterpreted Filipino Values Hiya is another(prenominal) concept indigenous to the Filipinos, and it is literally translated as shame. This interpretation of hiya is inadequate because it does not consider the other meanings of the word in different circumstances and form. Armando Bonifacio said that nakakahiya (embarrassing ) is different from napahiya (placed in an awkward position) and ikinahihiya (be embarrassed with someone). Zeus Salazar also said that there are internal and external aspects of hiya. Foreign scholars have captured only the external aspect.The more appropriate translation of hiya is not shame, but sense of propriety. More on this topic Sikolohiyang Pilipino The History of Philippine Psychology Food in the Philippines Reflects Different Cultural Influences Cultural, Societal Traditions Remain constitutional Part of Philippines For Western psychologist Charles Kaut, utang na loob is debt of gratitude. This definition identified the utang (debt) only, ignoring the other concepts related to loob such as sama ng loob, kusang loob, and lakas ng loob. Utang na loob became convenient in perpetuating the colonial status of the Filipino mind.For Enriquez, reciprocity maintains the image of colonizer as benefactor. When utang na loob is looked at in the Filipino context, it becomes not de bt of gratitude but gratitude / human solidarity. It is not a big a burden as debt is because in the Filipino culture of interpersonal relations, there is always the opportunity to return a favor. It is not obligatory in the immediate future it could be fulfilled in the next generation. It binds a person to his/her home community. Pakikisama is another Filipino value that has been misinterpreted by foreign psychologists.For Frank Lynch (1961), it is maintaining muted interpersonal relations by going along with the majority conformity. For Enriquez, though, it is just one of the eight identifiable takes and modes of interaction in the Philippine society, which range from civility to oneness with. It approximately means conformity but it is not slavish conformity. This becomes evident only when one also looks at the different levels of interaction, which shows that all those starting with paki is oriented to others. The term pakikisama was therefore taken out of context. Sikolohi yang Pilipino in Social Research.The whole range of interaction can be summarized by the term pakikipagkapwa (an orientation/commitment toward ones fellowman) better than pakikisama. Kapwa (unity of self and others/shared identity) embraces both categories of outsider and insider. Enriquez gave the following scale of descent between researcher and participant Ibang Tao Category (Outsider) Pakikitungo (civility with) Pakikisalamuha (interaction with) Pakikilahok (participation with) Pakikibagay (in accord with/level of conforming) Pakikisama (being along with/level of adjusting) Hindi Ibang Tao Category (One-of-Us).Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (being in rapport/understanding/level of mutual trust) Pakikisangkot (level of active involvement) Pakikiisa (being one with/level of oneness and full trust) Indigenous research methods identified in Sikolohiyang Pilipino as appropriate in Philippine culture are pagmamasid (general looking around), pakikiramdam (feeling through or sensing), pagtat anung-tanong (asking questions), pagsubok (testing the situation), pagdalaw-dalaw (occasional visits), pakikilahok (participation), pakikisangkot (deeper involvement), pakapa-kapa (groping), and pakikialam (concerned interference).The field of psychology in the Philippines is growing. With the increasing number of Filipino psychologists realizing the need to indigenize the field, as well as the number of research studies being done using Sikolohiyang Pilipino methods, it can only prosper in the future. Reference Enriquez, V. (Ed. ). (1990). Indigenous psychology A book of readings. Quezon City Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino.