Academic Performance of College Students Essay

The lack of adequate orbit and/or preparation, among new(prenominal) things, causes umpteen schoolchilds to withdraw from college or to graduate with upset grades, which much offs it difficult for them to obtain suitable jobs. This paper examines the schoolman execution of instrument and efforts to breed helper for schoolman and re y divulgehfuld hassles of beneathgraduate disciples at uniting Carolina A&T assign University. To that effect, the grade reports of seam and political economy mull over league and responses to a survey of assimilators infixed in business and economics courses were qualitatively analyzed. fol dis installed out more Foot Binding In China essayThe results of the analyses indicated that some scholars experienced schoolman deficiency and did non seek service when set virtually with problems. The results in any case revealed that many of the students who want assistance posed the work they legitimate as in effectual and indi cated their preference for school- direct deliberation services. The development of a school- special pedantic observe and slowness totality would tout ensembleeviate these problems.Such a center, with a spaciotemporal and extended slowness and counselor-at-law broadcast, leave be more effective than university-wide services in change student academic carrying into action and groceryability upon kickoff. ********** Teaching, question and service be usually utilize as a yardstick to measure might contri hardlyions to full(prenominal)er(prenominal) instruction institutions. Major universities pitch tenacious stressed the importance of interrogation activities relative to commandment.Over the last dickens decades, many of smaller teaching institutions, including the Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) where research activities were recognise still to the extent that they would keep educators and the noesis they transmit to students current, puddle been under pressure to acquire external funds for scholarships, faculty development, and meeting accreditation standards (Fielding 1985). As these institutions, particularly the HBCUs, placed more emphasis on faculty research productivity, they be faced with the challenge of striking a residual mingled with teaching and research activities.Nevertheless, approximately colleges and universities recognize that teaching is the ultimate finish of their institutions (Wiley 1993). The main factors considered for improving teaching effectiveness among opposite things, allow in teaching approaches and techniques and faculty availability for student assistance and advisement. However, students in racy learning institutions must be motivated and committed to make level-headed efforts toward intervention divers(a) activities, much(prenominal) as reading, written assignments, class discussion, presentation and examinations, effectively.Accordingly, the students lading to attain a good program line, their development habits and cooperation, their motivation and efforts to seek assistance, when contracted, argon equally critical for learning. Thus, since the provision and consumption of education service come in simultaneously, the students alive(p) club in the process is a necessary characterise to transform teaching to effective learning ( noales and Addus 2003). This paper assesses the academic execution of instrument and efforts of undergraduate students to seek assistance for academic and related problems at mating Carolina A&T enounce.The paper (1) examines the academic performance and deficiencies of the students in scathe of their overall grade point averages (2) identifies the relative magnitude of student academic and related problems from freshman to of age(p) classifications (3) presents student evaluation of the effectiveness of advisement and counseling services obtainable to students and (4) recommends the development of a school-specific academic supervise and advisement center to improve student academic performance and marketability upon graduation.Methods and instrumentation The 1998 grade point averages (GPAs) of undergraduate business and economics majors were used to contain the levels of student academic performance and deficiencies, with the application of chi-squ atomic number 18 statistic test to the relevant information. The student grade reports (the more or less recent data useable) were obtained from the conjugation Carolina A&T State Universitys groom of line of descent and economic science. In addition, data from students were collected by means of a student survey of 2002.The sample for the student advisement and counseling effectiveness questionnaire consisted of students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina A&T State University. The questionnaire items were sleep withing to elicit responses from students to determine the magnitude of student acad emic and related problems, efforts to seek assistance to conclude their problems, evaluation of effectiveness assistance they adoptd, and preference for the location of advising and monitoring services within the University.The results of this study send packing be used as a source of data that keister provide information on the broadcast effectiveness at North Carolina A&T State and other universities. Such data arsehole assist educators in curriculum homework and development so that they screw better meet the needs of students. educatee Academic Performance and Survey Results The results of this study are base on the examination of the School of crease and political economy student GPAs and the student advisement and counseling survey of students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina A&T State University.The results are centered around (1) the student academic performance levels and deficiencies (2) the magnitude of student academic and related pro blems (3) the students efforts to seek assistance to solve problems (4) the student evaluation of effectiveness assistance received and (5) the student preference for the location of advising and monitoring services. The following are the findings of the study based on student grade point averages and student advisement and counseling services questionnaire responses. assimilator Academic performance.The school of Business and scotchs at North Carolina A&T State University consists of accounting, business administration, business education and economics and transportation/logistics departments. The distributions of grade point average of students enrolled in the School during the 1998 fall semester are presented in engender across 1. For the data in the prorogue, the chi-square test statistic is significant. This indicates that grade distributions by classification are statistically different. Generally, the itemize of students with low grade point averages decreased from fres hman to senior classifications.In other words, more freshmen kept up(p) depress grades relative to seniors, and more seniors well-kept high schooler grade point averages than freshmen. More specifically, the data indicates that, in the School of Business and Economics, 55% of freshman, 14% of sophomore, 16% of junior, and 6% of senior students go fored to a lower place 2. 00 grade point averages. The decline in the proportion of students with lower grades from the freshman to senior levels is an indication of either grade improvements, transfer from ane program to a nonher or withdrawal and/or suspension/ judgement of dismissal from the university.In their senior year, 41% of students maintained a GPA of at a lower place 2. 50, 23% below 2. 25, and 6% below 2. 00. For all classifications, 53% of students maintained a GPA of below 2. 50, 39% below 2. 25, and 26% below 2. 00. The School of Business and Economics can non afford to ignore 23% students who whitethorn graduate wi th a GPA of lower than 2. 25 and 41% below 2. 50, only to find it difficult to find professional jobs of their choice in their various(prenominal) fields.Apparently, students need to be monitored, encouraged and assisted to play an active role in their seeking to achieve their education and career objectives. Student Survey Results Of some 206 students who responded to the survey, 52% were female and 48% were male students. By classification, 10% were freshmen, 30% sophomore, 37% junior and 23% senior students. In terms of general fields of study, 68% majored in business and economics and 32% in other areas, including arts and sciences, education and design (Table 2).These figures put forward that the survey represents a balanced coverage on gender, student classification, and various fields of study. Magnitude of Student Academic and Related Problems Of 154 who sought assistance, 52% were female and 48% were male students. By classification, 9% were freshmen, 30% sophomore, 37% junior and 25% were senior students (Table 3). The data in the Table is significative of the fact that the number of problems faced by students generally declined from freshman to senior year of their study.Of 52 students who did non seek assistance, 52% were female and 48% were male students. By classification, 17% were freshmen, 30% junior, 37% sophomore and 19% senior students. A total of 56% who did not seek assistance were junior and senior students. The reasons indicated for not seeking assistance are that 19% did not have any problems, 17% did not have term to seek assistance, 19% did not know the availability of assistance, 14% did not believe such assistance would be multipurpose, and 15% indicated a confederacy of the above factors (Table 4).Student Efforts to Seek Assistance Out of 206 students who sought assistance, 60% consulted with their academic advisors and 30% with course instructors or respective departments. Only 4% indicated to have sought assistance with the University bone marrow for Success (Table 5). Student rating of Assistance authorization Of 154 students who sought help, 72% indicated that the assistance they were offered was effective resulting in grade improvements, evoked self-confidence, remaining in major for the better, and changing major for the better.However, 28% indicated that the assistance they received was not effective at all (Table 6). Student taste for Advising and Monitoring Services Of 206 survey respondents, 147 (71%) indicated their preference for student monitoring and counseling services at school/college level (as contrary to counseling at the university level) and 92% indicated that they would seek assistance more often if such services were available at school/college level (Table 7).The moorage for Academic Monitoring and Advising Center The findings of this study reveal that relatively low grades and high failure ranks were maintained by upper level undergraduate students with the possibili ty of marketability problems. The findings further show that 28% of survey respondents give tongue to the assistance services they received were not effective. Another 28% of the respondents, of which 56% were juniors and seniors, did not seek help to resolve their academic and related problems.In addition, 71% of respondents indicated their preference for a school-level assistance services, and the overwhelming majority (92%) give tongue to they would seek help more often if such services were available at the school level. It follows that a school-specific academic monitoring and advisement center (AMAC), with a comprehensive docket for student advisement and counseling, leave be effective in improving student academic performance and marketability.The need for the AMAC is under musical scored by other studies. The main problems affecting student academic performance include inadequate background, work persistent hours, lack of time to study and seek advice, lack of time man agement skills, bad study habits and skills, and lack of self-confidence. more students are also faced with various impediments in their pursuit of higher education and career objectives, including financial problems, family responsibilities, and social and extracurricular activities. few of these activities do not only wear away from the time mandatory for sleeping, attending class and studying, but they also cause considerable stress resulting in negative effects on academic performance as measured in terms of GPA (Womble 2001). The results of a survey of 239 university students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina A&T State University indicated that most students did not have sufficient time to read the text and study, and that their absence from class was work related.The majority (56 %) of the students stated that they could not take cane notes while seeing, and 29 % s attend to they could not understand the vanquish (Norales and Addus 2003). Kel ly et al (2001) classified college students into short sleepers ( privates who slept six or fewer hours a day), average sleepers (individuals with seven or hours of sleep a day), and long sleepers (individuals sleeping nine or more hours a day). They found that the individuals who represented long sleepers reported higher GPAs than the first two groups.Many students are admitted to a university as a result of their performance in examinations that do not demand the same preparation levels required to succeed in higher education. Thus, one of the main factors affecting the academic performance of college and university students is the lack of adequate preparation skills (Beswick and Ramsden 1987). Entwistle et al (1989) studied the academic performance of electrical engineering students and found that low course grades were associated with inadequate study skills, and that many students had not established adequate independent study strategies required to succeed in higher education. Eikeland & Manger (1992) looked into factors affecting student achievement, especially those factors related to high failure and dropout rates. The findings showed that organized study habits had a positive impact on self confidence during the students first semester, but such study habits did not have a direct effect on grades until as late as their fourth semester in college. In a survey of rigorous to 350,000 students attending four-year public and private colleges, over 70 items related to the students educational experiences on the survey instrument were grouped into 12 factors.(1) The survey results indicated that out of these factors, public college/university students rated academic advising as the most important aspect of their educational experiences. Private college/university students rated academic advising second to only instructional effectiveness in importance. When students were asked to rate five items (2) comprised academic advising, both public and private colle ge/university students rated the academic advisors approachability and the academic advisors familiarity about major requirements as strengthsmeaning most important and most satisfying (Noel-Levitz 2003).In general, the success or failure in higher education are not explained by the student attributes or faculty teaching efficiency in isolation, but by the complex interactions mingled with students and the learning environments they experience (Entwistle 1990). Thus, students are in need of comprehensive advisement, counseling and support services including time management, stress management, efficient study style, habits and skills, reading, writing, and lecture note taking skills, and other support services.These must help students enhance their capacity to master the relevant subject, self confidence, verbal and written communication, academic performance, and to be competitive and productive members of the community. Academic Monitoring and Advising Center The findings of this study, on with the discussion of relevant literature, suggest that a school-specific AMAC, with a comprehensive agenda for student advisement and counseling, forget be effective in improving student academic performance and marketability.The primary purpose of the AMAC is to enhance student academic performance and produce marketable graduates by providing extended assistance and guidance to students in academic activities and related areas. At North Carolina A&T State University there are university-wide student support services, including the Center for Student Success (which is focused on student retention) and school-level academic help services. In addition, there are programs which are designed to mentor students with high academic standing(a), in collaboration with capableness employers, to prepare them for the real mankind work environment upon graduation.However, many students who for various reasons fail to perform to their potential levels deserve to be uplifted thr ough a similar program provided by the AMAC. Compared with university-wide academic counseling services available for students, the AMAC result be more effective for needy students can be given individual and unique attention suited to their specific needs by their respective schools. In addition to regular advisement provided by academic advisors, the AMAC allow provide counseling services for students who fail to reach a tokenish GPA of 2.50 during each semester. To start with, such students will be able to discuss issues regarding specific courses and their course loads with an advisor from the AMAC, and receive advice on how to successfully manage their time and handle their course loads. Also, the AMAC if necessary, can suggest changes in course, course loads and schedule to help the students balance their time between school and work. As mentioned above, one of the biggest problems that many students have is lack of time and time management skills.If this problem is solved betimes, students will be able to maintain a more marketable GPA. The AMAC will continuously monitor students and evaluate their grades throughout each semester to insure that these students traverse to do well in the school, and graduate within a reasonable period of time. Students who need assistance must be identified at the appropriate time and be given intensive advice and counseling. It will maintain a data base for all students in the School of Business and Economics with an overall GPA of 2.50 or less. The data can be collected from student applications, academic records, and surveys (Seidman, 1996). The AMAC will coordinate its activities with university programs designed to provide remedial services to students with deficient backgrounds. It will refer students to other departments and and University support services for problems outside its responsibilities. Such intensive intervention will likely help not only improve academic performance, but also retain students and enable them to graduate with decent grades.Student participation in the AMACs program shall enhance their capabilities to improve their academic standing through sound advice and counseling which will positively influence their pose toward learning and grades, time management skills and study habits. The AMAC will further advance development of university policies and programs designed to overcome academic deficiencies and encourage students to stay in school and achieve their academic and career objectives.Conclusions Academic advising is a very important aspect of students educational experiences in higher education. In order to enhance teaching and learning effectiveness, higher education institutions must listen to their students unique needs and priorities by assessing assistance services available to students. The results of such assessments can be used to develop targeted action plans for serving specific student population.The results of the analyses of data obtained from the School of Business and Economics grade reports and a survey of students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina A&T State University, along with other relevant literature, imply that many college students need a school-specific academic monitoring and advisement services at an early stage of their college career. It is apparent that it ricks difficult, if not impossible, for junior and senior students to make meaningful grade improvements due to the short span of time available to them during their last years of study before graduation.This may pose a serious marketability problem for some of the graduates of these programs with low grades. In the real worldly concern of ever increasing globalization and more competitive job market environments, college students need to acquire higher skills and GPAs. The proposed AMAC is certainly a first mensuration to guide needy students in this direction. References Beswick, D. and Ramsden, P, (1987). How to Promote Learning with Understanding. Working account 871. Melbourne Center for the Study of Higher cultivation, University of Melbourne. Eikeland, O. J. and Manger, T. (1992).Why Students Fail During Their kickoff University Semesters. International Review of Education 38(5), 489-503. Entwistle, N. J. (1990). How Students Learn and Why They Fail. Paper Presented at Conference on Talent and Teaching, University of Bergen. Entwistle, N. J. , Hoursell, D. , Macaulay, C. , Situnayake, G. and Tait, H. (1989). Success and Failure in galvanic Engineering Courses in Scotland. Summary of a Report to the SED. Edinburgh part of Education and Center for Teaching, Learning and Assessment. University of Edinburgh. Fielding, G. J. (1985). Transportation Education, Part Two.Report of Joint Conference, Eno tail end Board of Directors and Board of Consultants. Transportation Quarterly, 39(2), 207-233. Kelly, W. E. , Kelly, K. E. and Clanton, R. C. (others) (2001). The Relationship between Sleep conti nuance and Grade-Point-Average among College Students, College Student ledger. Noel-Levitz Research (2003). Academic Advising Highly Important to Students, www. noellevitz. com. Norales, Francisca O. and Addus, Abdussalam A. (2003). University Students Learning Efforts, Texas Business and Technology Educators Association Journal, Vol.VII, No. 1. Seidman, A. (1996). Retention revisited R = E, ID + E & In, Iv. Journal of College Student Retention. 71(4), 18-20. Wiley, III, Ed (1993). Re-Emphasizing Teaching. Black Issues in Higher Education. Womble, Laura P (2001). The feign of Stress Factors on College Students Academic Performance, Working Paper, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, N. C. ABDUSSALAM A. ADDUS Associate prof DAVID CHEN Associate Professor ANWAR S. KHAN Professor Emeritus subdivision of Economics and Transportation/Logistics North Carolina A&T State University Notes.(1) the factors are academic advising, campus climate, campus Life, campus Support Services, conc ern for the Individual, instructional Effectiveness, recruitment and financial aid effectiveness, registration effectiveness, responsiveness to diverse population, safety and security, service leap outlence, and student centeredness. (2) the items are the academic advisors approachability, the academic advisors knowledge about major requirements, the academic advisors concern about the students success as an individual, the academic advisors assistance to set goals and work toward, and the clearness and reasonableness of major requirements.Table 1 Grade Distribution of Students in the School of Business and Economics by salmagundi, Fall 1998 Grade Range Classification first soph next-to-last No. % No. % No. % 3. 50-4. 00 20 6 46 19 20 10 3. 00-3. 49 26 7 44 18 32 16 2. 50-2. 99 45 13 62 25 45 23 2. 25-2. 49 33 9 33 13 33 17 2. 00-2. 24 37 10 28 11 34 18 Below 2. 00 200 55 35 14 31 16 bring 361 coke 248 ampere-second 195 100 Chi-square 278. 38 * Grade Range Classification Seni or whole No. % No. % 3. 50-4. 00 18 7 104 10 3. 00-3. 49 42 17 144 13 2. 50-2. 99 90 35 242 24 2. 25-2. 49 47 18 146 14 2. 00-2. 24 44 17 143 13 Below 2.00 14 6 280 26 Total 255 100 1059 100 Chi-square 278. 38 * Note * Statistically significant at 5 pct probability level. Source School of Business and Economics, NC A&T State University. Table 2 Profile of Survey Respondents Item Frequency percent Gender (n = 206) Male 99 48. 1 Female 107 51. 9 Classification (n = 206) Freshman 21 10. 2 intermediate 61 29. 6 Junior 77 37. 4 Senior 47 22. 8 Major sphere of influence Unit (n = 206) Business and Economics 140 68. 0 Other Areas * 66 32. 0 * Include Arts and Science, Education, and Engineering. Table 3 Distribution of make out Problems for Students who Sought.Assistance * (n = 154) Classification Number of Problems and Gender One Two three Four Five Six Total Plus Classification Freshman 4 1 3 2 1 2 13 Sophomore 16 4 7 9 8 2 46 Junior 14 14 12 6 4 7 57 Senior 6 7 14 7 3 1 38 Total 4 0 26 36 24 16 12 154 Gender Male 19 15 15 11 8 6 74 Female 21 13 19 13 8 6 80 Total 40 26 36 24 16 12 154 * Problems include adding/dropping courses, choosing major, changing major, improving grades, time management, internship opportunities, personal problems which affect academic performance.Table 4 Distribution of students who did not Seek Assistance (n = 52) relative frequency share of Total Classification Freshman 9 17. 3 Sophomore 14 29. 9 Junior 19 36. 5 Senior 10 19. 3 Total 52 100. 0 Gender Male 25 48. 1 Female 27 51. 9 Total 52 100. 0 Reason for not SeekingDid not have problems 10 19. 2 Did not have time 9 17. 3 Did not know availability of assistance 10 19. 2 Did not believe it is useful 7 13. 5 Combination of last three 8 15. 4 Other reasons 8 15. 4 Total 52 100. 0 Table 5 Student Efforts to Seek Assistance for Academic Problems (n = 154) Assistance sought from Frequency Percent Academic Advisor 89 59. 7 Department/Course instructor 44 29. 5.University Center for Succes s 6 4. 0 SOBE resource Lab 3 2. 0 University Counseling Service 3 2. 0 Career Counseling 2 1. 4 Financial avail 2 1. 4 Table 6 Student evaluation of Effectiveness of Assistance Sought (n = 149) Item frequency Percent Grade modify 13 8. 7 Enhanced self-confidence 4 2. 7 Remained in major 15 10. 1 Changed major for better 16 10. 7 Two or more of above 60 40. 3 No effect 41 27. 5 Table 7 Student Preference for Counseling/Monitoring Services Location (n = 206) Item Frequency Percent Prefer student Counseling at school level Yes 147 71. 3 No 44 21. 4 Indifferent 15 7. 3.Would seek assistance more often if Available at school/college level) Yes 92 44. 7 No 15 7. 3 Not sure 45 21. 8 Indifferent 54 26. 2 Gale Copyright Copyright 2007 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Economic Scene Colleges Are Failing in Graduation Rates coronate of Form Bottom of Form Share By DAVID LEONHARDT Published family 8, 2009 If you were going to come up with a list of organizations whose failures h ad move intoe the most damage to the American economy in recent years, youd belike have to start with the Wall Street firms and regulatory agencies that brought us the financial crisis.From there, you might move on to Wall Streets chap bailout recipients in Detroit, the once-Big Three. Multimedia pic From the Most Selective Colleges, More Graduates Related The College Dropout spread out Economix Which Colleges Are Doing Their Job? Reader Responses Failing Colleges Readers Comments Share your thoughts and read responses to readers comments from David Leonhardt on the Economix blog. Read All Comments (113) But I would suggest that the list should also include a less obvious nominee public universities.At its top levels, the American administration of higher education may be the beat in the world. til now in terms of its core electric charge turning teenagers into educated college graduates much of the system is simply failing. Only 33 percent of the freshmen who enter the University of Massachusetts, Boston, graduate within six years. Less than 41 percent graduate from the University of Montana, and 44 percent from the University of New Mexico. The economist scratch line Schneider refers to colleges with such dropout rates as failure factories, and they are the norm.The United States does a good job enrolling teenagers in college, but only half of students who enroll end up with a bachelors degree. Among rich countries, only Italy is worse. Thats a big reason inequality has soared, and productivity offshoot has slowed. Economic growth in this decade was on pace to be slower than in any decade since World War II even before the financial crisis started. So identifying the causes of the college dropout crisis matters enormously, and a new account book tries to do precisely that. It is called Crossing the Finish Line, and its findings are based on the records of about 200,000 students at 68 colleges.The authors were able to get their hands on that d ata because two of them are pillars of the education establishment William Bowen (an economist and occasion Princeton president) and Michael McPherson (an economist and former Macalester College president). For all the books alarming statistics, its cognitive content is ultimately uplifting or at least invigorating. Yes, inadequate precollege education is a problem. But high schools still produce many students who have the skills to complete college and yet fail to do so. Turning them into college graduates should be a lot less difficult than fixing all of American education.We could be doing a lot better with college completion just by working on our colleges, as Robert Shireman, an Education Department official who has read an early version of the book, says. Congress and the Obama administration are now putting unitedly an education bill that tries to deal with the problem. It would cancel about $9 trillion in annual government subsidies for banks that lend to college student s and use much of the property to increase financial aid. A small portion of the money would be set aside for promising pilot programs aimed at lifting the number of college graduates. All in all, the bill would help.But it wont solve the systems biggest problems the focus on enrollment rather than completion, the fact that colleges are not held to account for their failures. Crossing the Finish Line makes it clear that we can do better. The first problem that Mr. Bowen, Mr. McPherson and the books third author, Matthew Chingos, a doctoral candidate, diagnose is something they call under-matching. It refers to students who choose not to attend the surmount college they can get into. They instead go to a less selective one, perhaps one thats closer to home or, given the agonising financial aid process, less pricy.About half of low-income students with a high school grade-point average of at least 3. 5 and an SAT score of at least 1,200 do not attend the best college they could have. Many dont even apply. Some apply but dont enroll. I was really astonished by the degree to which presumably well-qualified students from poor families under-matched, Mr. Bowen told me. They could have been admitted to Michigans Ann Arbor campus (graduation rate 88 percent, according to College Results Online) or Michigan State (74 percent), but they went, say, to east Michigan (39 percent) or Western Michigan (54 percent).If they graduate, it would be hard to get upset about their choice. But large numbers do not. You can see that in the chart with this column. In effect, well-off students many of whom will graduate no matter where they go attend the colleges that do the best job of producing graduates. These are the places where many students live on campus (which raises graduation rates) and graduation is the norm. Meanwhile, lower-income students even when they are better qualified often go to colleges that excel in producing dropouts. Its really a waste, Mr. Bowen say s, and a big problem for the country. As the authors point out, the only way to lift the college graduation rate significantly is to lift it among poor and working-class students. Instead, it appears to have fallen slightly since the 1970s. What can be done? Money is clearly part of the answer. Tellingly, authorise tuition has no impact on the graduation rates of high-income students. Yet it does affect low-income students. All else equal, they are less likely to make it through a more expensive state college than a less expensive one, the book shows. Conservatives are wrong to suggest affordability doesnt matter.But they are right that more money isnt the whole answer. Higher education today also suffers from a deep cultural problem. Failure has become acceptable. Students see no need to graduate in four years. Doing so, as one told the books authors, is like leaving the party at 1030 p. m. Graduation delayed often becomes graduation denied. Administrators because make excuses for their graduation rates. And policy makers hand out money based on how many students a college enrolls rather than on what it does with those students. There is a real parallel here to health care.