Hcv And Unawareness Health And Social Care Essay

1-Identification and definition of a clinical job / contention in my country of involvement /expertise. Problem: Even though HCV is a deathly virus, its hazard factors are many, and its prevalence is high, many people either cognize nil about it or disregard its importance. Unknowingness is particularly a job among immature grownups due to a deficiency of instruction in schools, and to a figure of socio-demographic and socio-economic factors. designation of the population of involvement for the reappraisal of the literature. HCV is a disease that targets everyone ( all ages / males and females ) , and in the literature, surveies focused on prevalence of HCV among people of all ages. However few surveies concentrated on the relation of HCV prevalence with certain occupational exposures such as tattoo, organic structure piercing, socioeconomically background aˆÂ ¦ In add-on to that few surveies concentrated on childs and the prevalence of hepatitis C in their age group. So if a survey is to be done on the relation between consciousness and HCV, an age group from 18 to 21 is the best to analyze because they are the most who get involved in hazardous behaviours such as drugs and they are the major age group who get tattoos and body piercings.Majority of patients that were HCV positive were below age of 50 ( Jamal et al. ,2010 ) Population of involvement: Lebanese immature grownups with tattoos and/or piercings in Lebanon, with and without HCV aged 18-21. Dependent variable: HCV infection Independent variable: Awareness Brief debut of the job or contention ( why I selected, its significance and clinical deductions. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) worldwide is estimated to be 3 % ; this translates to about 170 million people infected with the virus globally ( CDC, 2009 ) . The prevalence varies from state to state, In the Middle East ( Lebanon included ) , the prevalence is reported to be 1-5 % ( Jamal et al. ,2010 ) . The prevalence even varies between different populations-with the prevalence of HCV in blood giver populations being every bit low as 0.6 % and every bit high as 80 % in endovenous drug users ( Jamal et al. ,2010 ) . HCV causes redness of the liver which has damaging effects on wellness, taking to liver harm or liver failure-in many instances, it may ensue in decease ( CDC, 2009 ) . HCV can besides take to liver cirrhosis or liver malignant neoplastic disease ( CDC, 2009 ) . Hepatitis C can do either an acute infection, or in 75-85 % of the instances, chronic infection ( CDC, 2009 ) . In many cases, chronic hepatitis C tend s to travel unnoticed-early symptoms are normally flu-like such as febrility, weariness, sickness, purging and icterus, and be given to be in most cases over-looked by an septic individual ( CDC, 2009 ) . When symptoms do develop, the individual is already at an advanced phase of the disease, following harm to the liver caused by the virus. Infection is normally detected coincidentally by mensurating liver map and liver enzymes through everyday blood trials ; as a consequence, HCV is known as the â€Å" silent-killer † ( CDC, 2009 ) . HCV is blood-borne and can be transmitted through direct contact with septic blood such as through needle sharing ( as in the instance of drug maltreatment ) , sharing panpipes ( for illustration in blood transfusion centres ) , assholes from a needle-stick in infirmaries, and sharing bathroom gears such as razors or toothbrushes ( CDC, 2008 ) . In add-on, in scenes where there is hapless infection control-Hepatitis C can be transmitted via tattooing and piercing acerate leafs ( CDC, 2008 ) . This bring up the thought that these exposures are preventable, so it is a good survey to be done to research the original causes ( unawareness, neglect, peer pressureaˆÂ ¦ ) in order to undertake the job by the proper agencies ( instruction, rigorous regulations and ordinances, better testing techniquesaˆÂ ¦ ) This type of survey is of great significance because of: High figure of Hepatitis C instances in in-between E ( Lebanon included ) =4.6 % Catching diseases are taboo in Lebanon, and notably HCV Adolescents tend to acquire tattooed and/or pierced in secret because their parents do n't accept the thought Adolescents may non be cognizant of the safety demands associated with handling acerate leafs Peoples affected by HCV tend to maintain it a secret and this increases the opportunities of disease transmittal No anterior surveies in Lebanon have attempted to analyze the impact of raising consciousness to hygienic patterns and infection control Summary of 6 articles ( Questions 4,5,6 ) Screening run of hepatitis C among underprivileged people confer withing in wellness Centres of Lyon country, France ( F. Sahajian, 2006 ) In a cross-sectional survey conducted by F. Sahajian et Al. in Lyon, France, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among 944 underprivileged persons patronizing 8 different wellness centres was found to be about 4.7 % ( 95 % CI: 3.4-6.2 ) . Participants were given both a written questionnaire, which remained anon. , and depending on their wellness position, or whether there was a linguistic communication barrier or non, were screened for anti-HCV antibodies. Hazard factors found to be independently associated with HCV infection utilizing a multivariate logistic arrested development theoretical account were IVDU [ OR=15.99, 95 % CI= 3.73-68.63, P & lt ; 0.0001 ] , holding received healthcare abroad [ OR= 4.46, 95 % CI= 1.90-10.43, P=0.001 ] and have oning tattoos [ OR=2.75, 95 % CI= 1.01-7.51, P= 0.048 ] . Characteristics found to be independently associated with HCV infection included: age between 40-49, being holders of AME, or holding no societal security. Patients who were found t o be HCV seropositive were given follow-up intervention with the counsel of their physician and the Lyon Reference Center of HCV Infection. Mention: F. Sahajian, P. V. et Al. ( 2006 ) . Screening run of hepatitis C among underprivileged people confer withing in wellness Centres of Lyon country, France. European Journal of Public Health, 17 ( 3 ) , 263-271. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oxfordjournals.org Cardinal words: HCV, hazard factors ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — —Increased hazard of viral hepatitis in Chinese male conscriptees with tattoos. ( M-D.Shi,2007 ) Consequences of another cross-sectional survey conducted among 1,897 Chinese male conscriptees showed that 2.5 % were infected with HCV ( Shi et al, 2007 ) . Furthermore, conscriptees infected with HCV had 5 times higher odds of exposure to tattooing than others, with an OR= 5.00 ; 95 % CI: 1.83-13.67 ; P & lt ; 0.01 ( Shi et al, 2007 ) Mention: Shi MD, Lee SY, Lee YB. ( 2007 ) Increased hazard of viral hepatitis in Chinese male conscriptees with tattoos. Military Medicine, 172 ( 5 ) , 539-540. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ingentaconnect.com Cardinal words: HCV, tattoos ( EBSCO Host ) Hazard factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among street young persons. ( E.Roy,2001 ) Roy et Al ( 2001 ) found, in a survey conducted among street young persons in Montreal, that among those young persons infected with HCV, 56.5 % had at least one tattoo ( rough OR=4.1, 95 % CI: 2.3-7.4 ) . After multivariate logistic arrested development, it was found that when participants had more than one tattoo, there was a fringy association with HCV infection, adjusted OR=1.8, 95 % CI: 0.95-3.6 ( Roy et al, 2001 ) ; even though 1 is included in the assurance interval, a fringy association was established due to the little sample size. Mention: Roy E. , Haley N. , Leclerc P. , Boivin J. , Cedras L. , Vincelette J. ( 2001 ) . Hazard factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among street young persons. Canadian Medical Association, 165 ( 5 ) , 557-560. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/165/5/557.pdf Cardinal words: HCV, adolescents ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — —Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. ( M.Raymond,2001 ) In a survey conducted by Monica Raymond et Al ( 2001 ) among 61 professional tattooists in Minneapolis, it was found that the bulk of participants agreed that blood borne pathogens are a hazard to clients if no attending is paid. Of the tattooists, 95 % strongly believed that a tattooist could catch disease from a client, and 87 % strongly agreed that they could distribute blood-borne pathogens from client to client if they were non hygienic ( Raymond et al, 2001 ) . The conformity to infection control patterns was besides evaluated and it was found that older tattooists ( with & gt ; 10 old ages of experience ) had the lowest mark of ascertained infection control ( 65.3 % ; 95 % CI 58.9-71.8 ) compared to tattooists with experience & lt ; 10 old ages ( 74.6 % 95 % CI 68.5-80.7 ) ( Raymond et al, 2001 ) . The survey besides showed that stores with a high figure of go toing professionals tended to hold better cognition in footings of infection control due to sharing of experience and cognition ( Raymond et al, 2001 ) . Raymond et Al ( 2001 ) eventually concluded that though there was high consciousness about hazards involved with blood-borne diseases, their control, and the demand for safeguards among tattooists, this was non wholly applied in pattern. Mention: Raymond M. , Pirie P. , Halcon L. ( 2001 ) . Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. Association of Schools of Public Health, 116 ( 3 ) , 249-256. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publichealthreports.org/userfiles/116_3/116249.pdf Cardinal words: tattoos, HCV, consciousness ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — –Epidemiology of Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infection ( M. Jamal,2006 ) In an epidemiological article reappraisal Jamal M. et Al. identified the differences in HCV prevalence between different states and countries in the universe, values ranged from as 1.7 % in America to every bit high as 4.7 % in in-between E and 5.3 % in Africa.The reappraisal besides showed the difference in HCV prevalence between different groups with different hazard factors being every bit high as 90 % in endovenous drug users, the reappraisal besides identified the prevalence among blood givers, those who get haemodialysis and those who got the disease from sexual activity. The reappraisal eventually identified some bar techniques to undertake the issue and cut down the prevalence. Mazen J. ( 2006 ) . Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV ) Infection. International Journal of Medical Sciences,3 ( 2 ) , 41-46. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol ; //www.medsci.org Cardinal words: HCV, in-between E ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — –Prevalence of Body Art ( Body Piercing and Tattooing ) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications ( Lester B. Mayers, 2002 ) With the aims of finding the prevalence of organic structure art ( both tattoos and organic structure piercings ) among undergraduate university pupils and to find the incidence of medical complications associated with these patterns, Lester B. Mayers et al surveyed 454 pupils at Pace University in Pleasantville, NY. The cross-sectional study was voluntary, anon. , and included inquiries about organic structure piercings and tattoos ( both current and removed ) and their location on the organic structure, age and sex, undergraduate category, physical features ( weight, tallness, BMI ) , athletic position, every bit good as whether or non they faced any medical complications following organic structure art. Prevalence of organic structure piercings was found to be 51 % , while that of tattoos was found to be 23 % . I†¡2 analysis was used to find both differences and relationships between tattoos/piercings, and surveyed features, such as age and sex, undergraduate category, athletic position, tallness, weight, BMI ; it was besides used to find relationships between medical complications and sex. Valuess greater than 1.96 or less than -1.96 were considered statistically important ; significance for all other statistics was set at P & lt ; 0.05. I†¡2 analysis showed that piercings were higher among females than males ( P=0.002 ) and that there was no statistically important difference between tattooing and sex. Other relationships that were found included: male jocks were more likely to hold tattoos than non-athletes ( P=.02 ) . Prevalence of medical complications associated with organic structure piercings was found to be 9.2 % . The chief medical complications that were associated with organic structure piercings were local injury, that is, local hurt or lacrimation of the site ( 1.5 % ) , shed blooding ( 2.4 % ) , and/or bacterial infections ( 4.6 % ) ; no viral infections were reported. Oral complications were reported in 6 % of lingua perforated pupils. Prevalence of complications differed between locations of piercings. No medical complications were associated with tattooing, and, as the writers province, this could be due to a figure of grounds: inquiries about hurt associated with tattooing in the study were non really clear ; and holding assumed that the pupils were likely to hold gotten their tattoo in the old 3-5 old ages, this window period was non a long adequate clip to observe infection with HBV, HCV, or HIV. Mention: Lester B. Mayers et Al. ( 2002 ) . Prevalence of Body Art ( Body Piercing and Tattooing ) in university undergraduates and incidence of medical complications. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 77 ( 1 ) , 29-34. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayoclinicproceedings.com. Cardinal word: tattoos, pupils ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — —Restrictions To place the spread, it is of import to expose the restrictions of each survey, In the first survey ( Prevalence of Body Art ( Body Piercing and Tattooing ) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications ) , the writer delt with the issue in one university puting which may take to non generalizability of the survey. In add-on to that, he measured the medical result utilizing a questionare which would n't give the right prevalence of such diseases since it is largely soundless ( no serological trials were run to find prevalence of viral infections, and the deficiency of describing viral infections could be due to pupils non cognizing that they are infected instead so them non being infected at all. ) Both ( Screening run of hepatitis C among underprivileged people confer withing in wellness centres of Lyon country, France ) and ( Increased hazard of viral hepatitis in Chinese male conscriptees with tattoos. ) where not generalizable to the whole population since in the first, the topics are people from certain centres ( underprivileged ) . While in the 2nd survey topics were selected from a military background-subjects were of a specific age group, had a high degree of unsusceptibility, and had a better wellness profile than the remainder of the population. Besides Risk factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among street young persons ( Roy et al,2001 ) had little sample size. The survey conducted by Raymond et Al, 2001 ( Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. ) which tackled the issue of consciousness but non among people who get tattoos but among tattooist and stores had describing prejudice ( Questionnaire ) , and so their pattern was monitored which could hold lead to alter in behavior under monitoring. The GapThe Gap:Most of the old surveies dealt with the prevalence of HCV and its relation with Tattoos and piercing ( causes ) and other societal and fiscal factors, they besides studied medically its results, medical diagnosing and remedies, but they did n't undertake the issue of consciousness among people who are at hazard of HCV to analyze the existent cause behind high degree of this infective diseases. Therefore, no anterior surveies in Lebanon have attempted to analyze the impact of raising consciousness to hygienic patterns and infection control that should be in usage during tattooing or organic structure piercing and the hazard of undertaking Hepatitis C even though there are increasing marks that Lebanese adolescents are indulging in hazardous behaviours.

Health Care and Communication Essay

How does effective communication incorporate the basic elements of communication? Health communication means from the way we socialize about our health problems around the dinner table to the patient-caregiver reciprocal action, good leadership and great teamwork in health care organizations, and the health images in the media. Because our health is so dynamic, complex, and mutually dependent, while it is very important to understand the current issues and how the many constituent element, as of a system to come into a mutual or reciprocal relationship. Efficient communication is noted by many important focuses of the communication process. However, there are many processes of communication and the elements consist of many important elements and provide formal and informal channels, which are very common within major health organizations. The major element of communication is sorted into three major elements. These are the elements that incorporate the process or an isolated event, the involvement of at the minimum of two or more people, and the exchanging of personal information. These focuses are firmly together by many variables, which have influenced the effectiveness in something called the communication process. . How do the basic elements of effective communication differ from the basic rules of health care communication? Interpersonal or pertaining to the relations between persons communication must be clear, complete, and, understanding. The health care industry survives on multiple communication efforts between the doctors, the nurses, the specialists, with the insurance companies and many other individuals like patients. Interpersonal communication is the plan that holds the medical industry together. It also serves as protection or a guard of customer satisfaction and which can prevent a medical mishap with huge consequence. How might a provider encourage a reluctant consumer to communicate candidly? A provider can influence an unwilling consumer to communicate unreservedly honest and frank in healthcare by spreading ideas and information throughout the community and while using communication to make the team be more effective. Teamwork can be used as a effectively way to communicate with one another by conditionally telling each individual by acknowledging ideas, and opinion as well as giving support to each other, and co-worker. Organization may be large or small depends on the work performance of its employee to be successful. This is why communication is playing a big role in the organization. Without communication among employees as well as supervisors could lead the company be unsuccessful and fail.

Braving paths towards learner authonomy

Article Braving paths towards learner autonomy: make the most of your FEEL lessons! Lenore Gauchely Queerer Hartmann Autonomy is understood by many as the ability to take charge of one's own learning (HOLE, 1981). According to this definition, the autonomous learner is the one who is able to take control of and be responsible for his/her learning. This includes decommissioning: when, what, and how to learn as well as how, when, and by whom to be assessed.Developing this ability is not only a matter of personality, but also a tater of the sort of education and upbringing one has had. Working with autonomy in language teaching entails dealing with a number of constraints: pre-determined syllabus, students used to teacher- centered modes of teaching that value grades to the detriment of their learning, homework done because of marks, different levels of motivation, different learning styles, as well as different degrees of autonomy.Furthermore, the difficulties one may encounter in meas uring these degrees of autonomy must be oaken into account: students may feel like' being more autonomous on a given day rather than on another due to reasons which may not always be identifiable. Nevertheless, it is part of a teacher's Job to expose students to a variety of ways of becoming (more) autonomous, to help them discover how they learn best and how they can cope with situations which may be inevitable yet not to their liking. What sort of autonomy can be developed in FEEL classrooms?This question can only be answered if we go beyond the lassoer settings. Learning is part of life and those who are ready to learn in all situations will certainly always be one step ahead. Some students have an innate capacity for learning; some need stimulus and/or guidance to get started. Students should be aware of what they can do for their own learning, and how they can do it. The teacher's main concern is how to do that. Our responsibility towards students is so enormous that becoming a ware of this fact is of great importance. Helping Braving paths towards learner authonomy Article Braving paths towards learner autonomy: make the most of your FEEL lessons! Lenore Gauchely Queries Hartmann Autonomy is understood by many as the ability to take charge of one's own learning (HOLE, 1981). According to this definition, the autonomous learner is the one who is able to take control of and be responsible for his/her learning. This includes decommissioning: when, what, and how to learn as well as how, when, and by whom to be assessed.Developing this ability is not only a matter of personality, but also a tater of the sort of education and upbringing one has had. Working with autonomy in language teaching entails dealing with a number of constraints: pre-determined syllabus, students used to teacher- centered modes of teaching that value grades to the detriment of their learning, homework done because of marks, different levels of motivation, different learning styles, as well as different degrees of autonomy.Furthermore, the difficulties one may encounter in meas uring these degrees of autonomy must be oaken into account: students may feel like' being more autonomous on a given day rather than on another due to reasons which may not always be identifiable. Nevertheless, it is part of a teacher's Job to expose students to a variety of ways of becoming (more) autonomous, to help them discover how they learn best and how they can cope with situations which may be inevitable yet not to their liking. What sort of autonomy can be developed in FEEL classrooms?This question can only be answered if we go beyond the lassoer settings. Learning is part of life and those who are ready to learn in all situations will certainly always be one step ahead. Some students have an innate capacity for learning; some need stimulus and/or guidance to get started. Students should be aware of what they can do for their own learning, and how they can do it. The teacher's main concern is how to do that. Our responsibility towards students is so enormous that becoming a ware of this fact is of great importance.

Renting an apartment is a better option than buying a house Essay - 3

Renting an apartment is a better option than buying a house - Essay Example There is also the freedom of being able to do whatever one wants with the house, for instance, remodeling, redecoration or making any improvement as he/she wants. Moreover, no one gives the buyer any restrictions (Mortgagecalculator.org, 2011, para1). Buying a house comes with many advantages. To start with, the buyer has tax advantages over the rental apartments. This is so because the interests and taxes can be itemized for deductions of tax. The cost off renting a house can be substantial than the cost of buying one. Again, when the buyer has completed mortgage payment, they can achieve a better credit rating (Mortgagecalculator.org, 2011, para4). When buying or renting a house, one should consider two key principal aspects: the practical matter and the heart matters. Matters of the heart vary from one person to another. One will like a house in urban areas while another will like a house in the rural areas, this are heart matters and can influence the decision to rent or buy. However, the objective is answering the question as to why people should buy houses. According to Lotich (2009), when one buys a house, it acts as an automatic savings plan. This can be demonstrated by the example of when a twenty-five old person gets a thirty-year mortgage; hopefully they will have completed the payment at the age of 55. This means that if one had not saved much for the future, their least concern will be the house payment. The benefit that comes with this plan is that over the 30-years the value of the home is likely to appreciate. He further indicates that a home is an investment that one can live on. Even when home value drops, the house will still offer the advantage of being able to reside in it, different from when one invests in stock markets – such benefits will by no means be provided. The house belongs to the buyer and the most exciting thing is that, there is the ability to customize the house, like painting the walls and

Head of Budget and Management Committee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Head of Budget and Management Committee - Essay Example The vast nature of engagements entails the use of voluminous data that pose challenges in retrieval, management, and interpretation. In order to compete favorably on the fluid and complex market, Merrill Lynch should adopt a technological solution that would synchronize, harmonize, and organize data in a manner that improves on the efficiency of the firm [2]. Such a task would necessarily demand the adoption of a computerized mechanism with ultra-modern features suitable for performing a vast range of tasks in the shortest time possible. Such a system would also shield the company from the possibilities of human error. Changes in information management systems often determine the competitive advantage that one firm gets over another. The United States and Canadian corporate sectors are some of the heaviest consumers of technological innovations across the times. The rapid developments in the field of Information Communication and Technology have made it possible for businesses and mu ltinationals to exploit the synergies in the world of commerce in ways that are both responsive to the needs of the clientele and the overall mission and objectives of the organizations. The adoption of the touch screen tablet will add to the operational efficiency of the firm, which would ultimately translate into increased profits and cuts on expenses. Description and Analysis Touch screen would redefine the work environment at Merrill Lynch offices. The technology will offer a range of choices to the workers in ways that will engage them more closely and effectively with the tasks at the work place. The adoption of new working machine will require a reorganization of the office space. Studies and inquiries into... The researcher of this essay states that despite an impressive lead in the provision of legal services, Merrill Lynch’s real potential is held back by challenges of logistics arising from its continued dependence on old technologies. On this note, there is the pressing need to adopt the use of touchscreen tablets for increasing the levels of efficiency and effectiveness in the legal processes. The overarching concern revolves around the need of keeping pace with technological innovations and retaining a comfortable hold on the clientele through quality services while exploring all possible entry points into alternative segments on the market. The researcher provides a descriptive analysis on the topc of adoption of the new technologies for the company and aims to present some positive effects of it. The need to adopt new technologies at Merrill Lynch should be understood within the context of environmental factors and effects. Merrill Lynch operates an unpredictable environmen t within the American and Canadian corporate sectors. High levels of technological innovations are the key feature that defines this environment. Separate studies have associated the adoption of technology with a significant reduction of work-related stress and burnout. The researcher then sums up his study and concluds that the adoption of the technological devices at Merrill Lynch would be a positive step towards entrenching its corporate profile with regard to enhance it's performance and quality of services.

Post-industrialized cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Post-industrialized cities - Essay Example The Chicago School asserted that cities do not develop randomly but instead they develop according to favourable conditions in the environment. One example of this is the way in which large urban areas are found predominantly along shores of rivers or on fertile plains, as those features have been advantageous to their development. The School was influenced by the processes which were seen to occur in nature such as the effects which competition in an area has on the distribution of the various species of animal in an ecosystem. This became part of the theory which asserted that cities become ordered into 'natural areas' through processes such as competition, invasion and succession. It was theorised that patterns of location, movement and relocation in cities follow similar patterns to those observed in any ecosystem (Giddens 06). Lewis Wirth claimed that urbanism was a way of life. He noted that there were distinct differences between the way which people lived their lives in urban areas and in rural areas. Wirth highlighted the heterogenous nature of the people in the urban area as the predominant reason for this difference. In rural areas, people in any particular area live similar lives, with similar cultures, beliefs and ideals. In comparison, those in urban areas are diverse in cultures, beliefs and ideals, which Wirth theorised could drive the division of the urban area to naturally divide into neighbourhoods in which these characteristics were shared (Wirth 64). While this may be true, Wirth neglected to note that there were internal factors which were present in urban areas and not in rural areas. For example different occupational factors and class factors were present in the urban areas at the time compared to the rural areas, and these may also have been driving forces in separation of the urban n eighbourhoods. Robert Park asserted that the city was a social organism which was formed of distinct parts joined together by internal processes. Park theorised that the 'web of life' ensured that competitiveness was present between inhabitants of any urban area and that this led to natural structuring of urban areas. This was a result of comparing the nature of urban areas to Darwinian struggle present in any ecological system. The model put forth by Park also has several criticisms. For example the comments which he makes toward natural processes and the structuring of society are oversimplified. There are many differences between humans and other creatures in nature such as technological advances. These ensure that humans are not dependent on the natural habitat in the same ways as other animals although there are still benefits to be derived from natural features. Park also fails to take account of other factors such as government regulations. While there are critiques to be applied to the Chicago School of urban ecology, I do generally agree that this is a simplified but accurate view of early cities. I feel however that cities have developed in the modern day past the theories put forward in this school. Paper 2 Cities and urban areas began to move from industrialised areas to post-industrial areas during the 20th Century, when manufacturing industries began to close down and were no longer the focus of these cities. The cities began to develop

An unmanageable Case-Management Quandary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An unmanageable Case-Management Quandary - Essay Example There is a need to change the way judges are managing their cases because it is clear that they are uncertain about how to reduce backlog. According to a report by Great Britain (2011), even before opening of the court door, there are more cases going into court thanks to settlement or negotiation of cases out of court by litigants themselves. Litigants in person are individuals without legal representation by solicitors or barristers but have a right of audience. Litigants in person bringing their cases to court are less prepared because they do not have knowledge of the documents required by the judges. The judges end up starting of case hearing without all the relevant documents. In addition, litigants in person do not have an idea of the evidence required for presentation in court and the witness reports are poorly prepared. This makes the judge to steer off the case and assist the litigant in person, increasing the time taken to dispose a case. The longer the time taken to dispose a case the longer the queue thus creation of a backlog. The courts should avoid such cases without help from people with legal knowledg e. The court should appoint Pro bono lawyers to represent people who cannot afford to hire lawyers or hire more staff to assist them. This will increase the number of cases disposed monthly. Efficient justice administration is dependent on many factors (Abioye, 2014). Abioye (2014) considers the registry, modern technology and availability of material and resources, quality of judges and dedicated lawyers as the factors required to reduce backlogs in court. The court’s staff should be competent when it comes to record keeping. The court should increase number of staff in order to improve record keeping and hasten the speed of file recovery for case hearing, to avoid delay. Introduction of modern methods of file storage and recovery

Lobbying Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lobbying - Coursework Example Lobbying saves the public from such conflict of interest existing with government officials (Nownes, 2006). Elected government officials have an obligation to serve the public (the people who elected them). However, lobbying comes in when such officials stand to benefit by twisting the law to favor the interests of a few private parties. Government officials are agents of people and, therefore, their failure to serve the public due to their conflict of interest is agent misdirection. As such, lobbying makes sure that others’ interests get appropriate defense against those of corrupt persons. Lobbyists also ensure that the interests of the minority get a fair defense against the tyranny of the majority (Morris, Goldsworthy & Palgrave, 2008). For instance, a medical association can lobby a legislature to increase restrictions in the laws that prevent smoking due to the increased number of people dying out smoking effects. The complexity of the process of legislation makes lobbyists and lobbying an essential facet to all functions of the government. Government officials and legislators do not have the time as well as the knowledge to become experts on all issues of concern to all people in order to serve their common interest. In this regard, lobbyists educate government officials on these issues, help legislators to draft legislation, and advise the president before signing a bill into a law. Therefore, lobbyists represent a vast diversity of the public interests and beliefs in the society. In some societies, lobbyists are respected as opinion leaders who tend to influence the public on which persons to vote for, during elections (Great Britain & Allen,

Understanding of Chinese Paintings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding of Chinese Paintings - Essay Example The essay "Understanding of Chinese Paintings" examines he ways that written texts such as poems, inscriptions, or theoretical writings can change our understanding of Chinese paintings. The great monumental landscape Autumn Mountains at Dusk, attributed to Guan Tong, was one such an example. This work was a visual representation on one of the famous Tang poets Li Bai's poem The Road to Shu is Hard. Paintings and written texts are used together to give more meaning and interpretation to the paintings, which could otherwise be interpreted. While considering the poem above, poetry could be considered as a vocal painting while painting could be considered as visual poetry. Viewers could feel about the winding and steepness of the road to Shu. From the poem, readers could get more information. The hard road to Shu is a metaphoric representation of the hardness of engaging in politics and the turbulence faced by the Empire. These indications could not easily be noticed by just looking at the painting. Some paintings were created to take record of important events. For this kind of paintings, there usually were inscription beside to indicate the event. For example, Cranes of Good Omen attributed to Emperor Huizong. This was a handscroll of both painting and inscription on it. This was an event of 20 cranes appeared in the sky. Even two of them standing on the top of the building. Huizong recorded this kind of miracle day by himself using both inscription and painting. Readers could get the information.

Economics Commentary - Russian Quota on US Pork and Indian Government Tax on cars Essay Example for Free

Economics Commentary Russian Quota on US Pork and Indian Government Tax on cars Essay A quota is a physical limit on the number or value of goods that can be imported into a country. This is one of the few protectionist measures that countries in order to protect their own domestic industries and is a measure that has been taken up by Russia, as seen in the article. Russia has reduced its quota for American pork from 750,000 tonnes to 600,000 tonnes. This is because Russia wishes to become more self-sufficient in producing pork and thus improve their pork industry. As said in the article, this will be a big blow to the American producers of pork who already trying to recover from poor demand and prices, as well as high input costs. The effect of this reduced quota can be seen in Fig.1 below. As can be seen, the quota has been decreased from QD2-QS2 at a value of 750,000 tonnes to QD3-QS3 at a value of 600,000 tonnes. The deadweight loss (represented by the shaded area) has, as a result, increased from ABC to EBD and this is partly where the problem of quotas lies. The shaded area represents the inefficiency of the domestic producers and by decreasing the number of US exports coming in, they are increasing the reliance on domestic producers who may be more inefficient in comparison to the American producers. What could be potentially seen is an increased loss of world efficiency as the domestic producers would produce pork for higher minimum revenue than the American producers. Furthermore, QD3-QD2 tonnes of pork are not now consumed (150,000 tonnes) and this is a reduction in the consumer surplus, which is the extra utility gained by consumers from paying a price that is lower than that which they are prepared to pay. However, there are advantages to the quota for domestic producers. The initial quota allowed domestic producers to supply 0-QS1 and QS2-QD2 tonnes of pork at a price of WP+Quota. This quota meant that their revenue had increased but they will see their revenue increased further with the implementation of the lower quota. This is because they will be able to supply 0-QS1, QS2-QD2 and QS3-QD3 at a price of WP+ Decreased Quota. Foreign producers will now supply their quota of QS1-QS2 and receive a price of WP+ Decreased Quota. This should usually result in a fall in income, which would be detrimental to the American producers who are already suffering economic difficulties, but in theory this does not have to be. An alternative option that could be used by the Russian government is a tariff. This is a tax that is charged on imported goods would cause the world supply curve to shift upwards because it would be placed on the American producers as opposed to the Russia producers. The effect of a tariff can be seen below. The advantage of a tariff is that whilst the deadweight loss (shaded in red) of caused by the tariff would be the same as the one caused by a quota, the Russian government would receive a revenue equal to C. Furthermore, the revenue of domestic, Russian producers would increase by A+B+C, though the revenue of foreign, American producers will fall by C. However, there will be a fall in consumer surplus by D, due to the extra pork that will not be purchased resulting in a deadweight loss of welfare. However, as stated before, this would be the same if a quota is used. Furthermore, the implementation of a tariff is less likely to lead to the creation of a black market. This is because with an import quota there is a chance that there will be massive shortages of pork. Therefore, criminal organisations would see smuggling pork as a lucrative business opportunity. However, with a tariff such shortages are unlikely as it does not set a limit on the number of products imported. That being said, if a tariff is set at an unreasonably high rate then there is still a chance that a black market will open up. Nevertheless either form of protectionism has its disadvantages. Firstly, it leads to less choice for consumers and the lowered competition will see domestic firms become inefficient without any incentive to minimise costs. Moreover, protectionism distorts comparative advantage and this leads to the inefficient use of resources thus leading to reduced specialisation and a reduced potential level of the worlds output. Indeed protectionism could potentially damage economic growth. INDIAN CAR TAX Externalities occur when the consumption or production of a good or service has a spill over effect on a third party. If an externality is negative, then this spill over effect is in some way harmful. Therefore there has to be an external cost i.e. one that is borne by a third party, to add to the private costs of the producer or consumer in order to calculate the full cost to society. In the article, the negative externalities which are occurring in New Delhi, India stem from traffic congestion and air pollution. Fig.1 below shows the external costs of using cars. As seen in Fig.1, consumers will enjoy some of the private benefits of car travel but there will be external costs in the form of air pollution and traffic congestion. Consumers maximise their private utility and consume at the level where MPC=MSC=MPB thus leading to over-consumption of vehicle travel by driving Q25, 000 vehicles at a price of 25,000 rupees. As can be seen in Fig.1, the socially efficient output, i.e. when the full opportunity cost of an extra unit is equal to the value placed by society on its consumption or production, is Q*, as a result there is over-consumption of Q25, 000 to Q*. Furthermore, as a result of MSC being greater than MSB, there is a welfare loss to society. This is an example of market failure. In order to combat the effects of the vehicle use, the Indian government is charging citizens in New Delhi who own more than one car and are implementing a congestion fee. Two-wheelers that cost above 25,000 rupees will be taxed at a rate of four per cent whilst cars priced up to 6 lakh (600,000 rupees) will be increased to the same rate. Those costing between 6 and 10 lakh will be charged seven per cent tax. The effect that the increased tax should have on the use of two-wheeled vehicles is seen in Fig.2. As seen in Fig.2, the implementation of a tax will see the MPC curve move upwards to MPC + tax = MSC + tax. This will reduce consumption to the socially efficient output of Q* but the price will increase to 25,000 rupees plus tax. Therefore the government should receive more revenue which could be then used to further tackle the externalities. However, a problem that the Indian government will face is the fact that the demand for vehicle travel may be price inelastic. Therefore, the amount of people who will forgo vehicle travel will be insignificant and the quantity demanded will not fall to the socially efficient level. There are alternatives to congestion fees and taxes, with advertising being an example. The Indian government could fund positive advertising for substitute goods such as public transport or bicycles thus decreasing the consumption of vehicle travel. One of the problems with this solution is that the costs may be high and so taxes would have to be in place. Moreover, people may not care about the effects of vehicle travel and will therefore continue with their current mode of travel. Another solution could be for the government to restrict the number of driving licences. This is effectively a quota that would essentially see a decrease in the number of cars on the road. However, the problem of who to allocate these licences to arise and this could prove unpopular. Another alternative solution could be to heavily advertise public transport. This may reduce the number of cars on the road and would therefore see a reduction in the negative externalities created. However, for this to work, people would have to heed the advertisements advice and as it would not be compulsory, people may neither listen nor care to change their method of transportation. Overall, it looks like the Indian governments decision to implement a car tax and congestion fee is the most viable solution because it is less likely to alienate the citizens of New Delhi when compared to curfews and is also more likely to see a decrease in consumption when compared to advertising.

The Positive Impact Of Tourism In Dubai Tourism Essay

The Positive Impact Of Tourism In Dubai Tourism Essay There are more than 200 national economies involved in the competition of destination market and as of 2006 worlds governments have exceeded its expenditures US$1,480 billion to make their states as destination brand (Balakrishnan, 2008). This literature review aims to identify and examine the positive impact of the tourism in Dubai with especial perspective of hospitality industry. Historically Dubai is significant tourism destinations for world class comfort to tourists (Steiner, 2010) and tourism in Dubai has further impacted the hospitality industry in Dubai. It is reported that tourism is an integral part for economic growth of Dubai (Lee Jain, 2009) as this industry accounts for 1.2 per cent of total GDP and the combined impact is expected to total 11.6 per cent in 2005 (Ryan Stewart, 2009) and the development made in Dubai is helping the government to attract more tourist to travel to Dubai (Henderson, 2006). This study has aim to identify tourism as growing industry in Duba i while also discussing the increasing importance of the sector and its positive impact on the hospitality industry caused by increasing promotion of tourism. The Importance of Growing Tourism Industry in Dubai Tourism as an Industry Tourism is comprised of individuals activities to travel and stay outside their usual permanent places for one consecutives year (Steiner, 2010). In the broader term the industry of tourism means all socio-economic activities that are directly or indirectly involves the provision of services to tourists (Henderson, 2006). According to the World Tourism Organizations Standard Classification of Tourism Activities, different other sectors are also associated with the development of tourism industry including lodges, transportation means, food and beverage, culture and entertainment and finance (Ryan Stewart, 2009). Tourism Industry in Dubai The latest report of World Travel and Tourism Council has highlighted Dubai as the most world-class destination for tourism and also reveals that the industry of tourism in Dubai has grown to 14 per cent annually (Stephenson Knight, 2010). Over 100 tourism and leisure projects are underway and now the tourism sector accounts for almost a quarter of the Emirates annual GDP. To examine this figure there is need to evaluate the tourism industry in Dubai. Dubai is the capital city of the UAE and one of the fastest developing cities (Walker, 2009). With number of remarkable and outstanding tourists spots, Dubai has been the most popular destination for tourists. In addition, Dubai is also considered as hub of all tourism activities in Gulf while economy of Dubai majorly depends on tourism (Henderson, 2006). Since large number of tourists and travelers from different part of the world through Dubai for leisure purposes, this tendency of tourists has naturally led to increase the demand fo r the services of hospitality industry and providing different job opportunities in Dubai (Richard, 2008). However, the industry of tourism and hospitality is already well developed as a result of large number of travelers visiting the city the government is strategizing to more develop these industries (OConnor, 2010). Moreover, the strategic implementation made by the government for the development of tourism has remarkably impacted the hospitality industry and this impact has been observed as positive (Weiermair Mathies, 2004). Development in the Tourism Industry in Dubai The industry of tourism is an important part of Dubais economic growth as result of increase flow of foreign cash into the country (Boniface Cooper, 2009). Dubai possesses a significant position in the world tourism and to maintain this position the government of Dubai has strategized to more develop and boost other agencies and industries related to tourism such as hospitality, banking and finance system and transportation (Marcus, 2010). The government realized that in order to reshape the industry the government has to signify the wholesome approach for development of Dubai (Henderson, 2006). To Walker (2009), the development of Dubai as tourist destination and business center has attracted the hospitality operators. Moreover, Dubai also allures the tourists for its shopping malls, architectural buildings and Islamic architecture, the government also focuses on the above sectors of the city so that it could maintain the sustainable interest and attention of the tourists for trave lling. In the development of hospitality industry the hotels and resorts are developed as major part that helps to promote the tourism in Dubai (Eisen, 2008). The plan of Burj Dubai in Dubai has globalized its hospitality services by expanding its lodging brand globally to key destinations in the Middle East (Dunbar, 2009). Impacts of Tourism in Hospitability Sector of Dubai Social and Cultural impacts It may be possible that tourism influences the social and cultural aspects of life in specific area depending on the strengths of cultural and religion. The relationship between the hospitality sector and the tourists can be considered as the main factor affecting a community as tourists may not be sensitive to domestic customers, traditions and standards. The positive impacts on the area include the benefits which include: Domestic community can mingle with individuals from the different backgrounds with distinct lifestyles which might lead through the demonstration effect towards the development of enhanced lifestyles and implementations. Wide range of cultural and social events available for domestic people which include exhibitions, entertainment etc. Enhanced facilities for sports and leisure developed for the tourists which might be in use by domestic people Encouraging the youth exchange programs, voluntary work overseas, etc. Under the light of above key points, it can be said that Dubai is one of the best tourist destination (Stephenson, 2010) where the establishment of tourism has positive effects on social and cultural life of the region (Balakrishnan, 2008). Economic Impacts The main source to the success of Dubai is the ability and prediction of good opportunities, along with the avoided saturation of tourism industry by creating more beaches, tourist activities etc. The tourism in hospitality sector within Dubai is increasing at a faster pace without showing any sign of decline. The hospitality industry is helping in satisfying the demand of tourism in order to compete across the world effectively. The bulk of tourists are accounted for approximately twenty percent of hotel guests and during 2007, hospitality industry of Dubai received 92,328 tourists from China which was approximately a thirty five percent increase per year. The economic effect on the hospitality sector in tourism of Dubai includes the increased employment level (Sharpley, 2008) with the increasing development of hotels, increased revenue in terms of tourists arrivals in Dubai. Environmental Impact In most general terms, the environment has the significant and prominent effect on the tourism in hospitality industry within Dubai. There have been major hotel developments in Dubai which widely include the Palm, Dubai Tower, Burj al Arab hotel etc. Moreover, Dubai has evolved into the major shopping destination along with the Arab traditional culture which is intended to be expanded (Sharpley, 2008). The tourism within hospitality sector means to provide a comforting and soothing environment to the tourists while staying in hotels of Dubai. The planning structure of Dubai has been working on this perspective and brought various improvements in hospitality industry which attracts tourists on wide scale every year (Lee Jain, 2009). The positive impacts on environment in Dubai within hospitality industry may include increased income for preservation of various facilities, encouraging the conservation of features etc. Moreover Dubai land is considered to be the largest theme park acro ss the globe which is twice the size of Disney land existed in Florida. Conclusion This literature review examined the tourism industry in Dubai and found that with increasing rate of tourists the government of Dubai has taken initiations to more develop the sectors and industry associated with the tourism industry (OConnor, 2010). Moreover, in the review it is found that hospitality industry is the most impacted sector and this impact has been observed as positive. Dubai offers tourists a fascinating adventure along with five-star leisure facilities, attractive beaches, Arabian hospitality and cultural blend of old and new cultures (Dubai, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. 2005). However, there are other sectors that provide growth to tourism but hospitality has become backbone of the tourism as mostly tourists are attracted traveling to Dubai due to its well developed and appealing hospitality. It is found that tourism has greatly affected social, cultural, economic and environment aspects of hospitality. However, the changes caused by constant development in the tourism has given new opportunity to different fields of life, development of hotels, shopping malls and others have expanded the Arab traditional culture. As a result of such development social and cultural life of Dubai is also impacted and due to increasing tourism domestic community gets an opportunity to mingle with people from different backgrounds. Since wide range of cultural and social events is arranged in Dubai it leaves a positive impact on the local people of Dubai. Moreover, increasing growth of tourism has also impacted the enhanced facilities for sports and leisure spots developed fo r tourists.

La notion de pouvoir

La notion de pouvoir Anthropologie politique :La notion de pouvoir Janvier 2010 Lanthropologie politique est une discipline rà ©cente qui sest dà ©veloppà ©e rà ©ellement à   partir des annà ©es 1920, mais qui tire son essence des prà ©occupations de la philosophie politique du XVIIIà ¨me sià ¨cle. En effet, cette discipline dont le projet est de fonder une science du politique, analyse la rà ©partition et lorganisation du pouvoir et des phà ©nomà ¨nes politiques qui permettent de dà ©gager une perspective commune au delà   de la diversità © culturelle. Plusieurs philosophes sont à   lorigine des prà ©occupations fondamentales de lanalyse et de la comprà ©hension des phà ©nomà ¨nes de pouvoirs politiques. Ainsi, Montesquieu, La Boà ©tie, Rousseau ou encore F. Engels et K. Marx se sont penchà ©s sur les rapports que les dominants avait à   là ©gard des dominà ©s. Cette relation de domination apparaà ®t comme un phà ©nomà ¨ne inhà ©rent au pouvoir politique institutionnel. Cependant, avec les premiers anthropologues, cest une nouvelle forme de pouvoir politique qui est valorisà ©e. Par exemple, ces à ©tudes rà ©và ¨lent lexistence de rapport de pouvoir en dehors des relations institutionnalisà ©es, inhà ©rent à   linconscient des collectività ©s, comme le sacrà © et les relations dà ©change de don, qui participent au pouvoir politique. La notion du pouvoir est lun des sujets de prà ©dilection de lanthropologie politique. LAnthropologie politique est, à   cet à ©gard, là ©tude de lorganisation et des structures politiques (au sens aristotà ©licien) au travers de leur diversità ©. Il sagit dà ¨s lors de distinguer les mà ©canismes du pouvoir ainsi que son exercice, lorganisation symbolique, consciente ou inconsciente. Doà ¹ le problà ¨me : comment en Anthropologie politique, selon les diffà ©rentes enquà ªtes ethnographiques, le pouvoir peut-il se manifester en dehors du cadre institutionnel? Cest pourquoi il est important de revenir sur les formes de pouvoirs en politique, pour comprendre par la suite lapproche minimaliste puis maximaliste. I- Les diffà ©rentes formes du pouvoir, une rà ©flexion qui cristallise lintà ©rà ªt des anthropologues politistes Tout dabord, il est important de distinguer les diffà ©rentes composantes qui organisent le pouvoir : centralisation, concentration des pouvoirs, recrutement de gouvernants, le cadre du contrat social instruit par la loi et les sanctions lors des dà ©rives individuelles. Centralisation ou dà ©centralisation de lautorità © qui peut à ªtre dà ©composà ©e en diffà ©rents segments (lignage, villages). Chez les Lobi par exemple, il ny a pas de pouvoir central, mais chaque village constitue une entità © centralisà ©e. Cette autorità © peut mà ªme sà ©tendre au-delà   du cadre territorial dans le cadre dethnies dispersà ©es comme par exemple chez les LAlemany du Fouta Djalon qui possà ¨de une autorità © morale sur tous les Peuls. Montesquieu relevait dans lEsprit des Lois, la concentration ou dispersion du pouvoir. En effet, cette notion de sà ©paration ou non des trois pouvoirs lexà ©cutif, du là ©gislatif, du judiciaire – engendre une typologie de rà ©gime. Ainsi, plus les pouvoirs sont concentrà ©s, plus le rà ©gime est tyrannique. Ainsi, dans les socià ©tà ©s traditionnelles le chef dispose à   la fois du pouvoir exà ©cutif et juridiciaire. Chez les Nuer, cest  « lhomme à   peau de Là ©opard  » qui est chargà © de rà ©soudre les conflits. La domination du pouvoir peut à ªtre là ©gitimà ©e par la transmission du pouvoir hà ©rà ©ditaire, à ©lection, dà ©volution, dà ©signation. L. de Heusch explique dans son ouvrage Du pouvoir. Anthropologie politique des socià ©tà ©s dAfrique centrale, que dans la zone tetela-hamba au Congo, socià ©tà © à   lignages patrilinà ©aires, pour devenir chef de lignage les aspirants doivent faire valoir le bien-fondà © de leurs prà ©tentions, en pratiquant des dilapidations festives et des distributions de cadeaux que lauteur nhà ©site pas à   mettre dans la mà ªme catà ©gorie que le potlatch. Les lois qui rà ©gissent nimporte quel systà ¨me politique ont pour fonction dassurer la stabilità © de la socià ©tà © en question. Par contre, elle peut aussi crà ©er des fossà ©s entre les diffà ©rentes couches de ladite socià ©tà ©, rà ©sultant en un sentiment de coercition, de contrainte. Donc le pouvoir contient un paradoxe bien à ©vident car  « il apparaà ®t, à   la fois, comme nà ©cessità © et comme danger  »; cest cette ambigà ¼ità © concernant la notion de pouvoir que G. Balandier appelle une dissymà ©trie dans les rapports sociaux. Autrement dit, là ©lite au pouvoir se reproduit dans les hautes classes. Chaque systà ¨me politique, dans la mesure oà ¹ il est là ©gitime et que la loi est connue de tous, comporte un certain nombre de contraintes afin de prà ©server un à ©quilibre en place ; il peut sagir de violence là ©gitime au sein de lEtat, de violence corporelle ou morale dans les socià ©tà ©s traditionnelles. II- Là ©mergence de lEtat ou linstitutionnalisation du pouvoir Lapproche minimaliste considà ¨re quune gestion primitive dune socià ©tà © ne serait pas une forme de gouvernement. Il existe trois crità ¨res selon les politologues qui caractà ©risent un Etat et permettent de dà ©limiter le champs politique : un territoire dà ©limità © par des frontià ¨re reconnues, le consentement des populations qui y vivent et enfin lexistence de structures organiques fondant lunità © politique. Il apparaà ®t à ©vident que le flou sà ©mantique quant aux crità ¨res caractà ©risant un Etat, prà ©sente ses limites pour les anthropologues. Ainsi, pour Balandier il est possible de confondre lEtat avec un groupe local (chefferie). Pour finir, selon M. Weber lEtat est le seul instrument de domination, qui dispose dun appareil coercitif pour orienter toute action sociale, et est lià © aux socià ©tà ©s modernes et à   la rationalisation. LEtat dispose du monopole là ©gitime de la violence. En revanche, P. Clastres qui a à ©tudià © à   partir des socià ©tà ©s amà ©rindiennes les groupes qui contrà ´lent le pouvoir soppose à   cette conception rà ©ductrice du pouvoir. Dans toutes les socià ©tà ©s, il y a du politique ; cet exercice du politique nest pas automatiquement lià © à   lexercice de la violence là ©gitime et à   la coercition. III- Lexistence dun pouvoir comme un  « fait social total  » Le pouvoir politique nest pas nà ©cessairement institutionnalisà ©. Il peut sexprimer à   travers dautres formes inhà ©rentes à   linconscient collectif.  « Il ny a pas de socià ©tà © sans gouvernement  », cest par cette phrase prononcà ©e par L. de Bonald que lon peut rà ©sumer la pensà ©e des maximalistes. Autrement dit, toutes les structures participant à   la direction dune socià ©tà © concourent au politique. A cet à ©gard, il semble important dapprà ©hender les phà ©nomà ¨nes de la Kula et du Potlatch comme expression du politique puis de comprendre limbrication du sacrà © dans le cadre du pouvoir politique pour illustrer nos propos. Dune part, le phà ©nomà ¨ne dà ©changes de biens prà ©cieux, lors du Potlatch et de la Kula, rà ©và ©là © par F. Boas et B. Malinowski mettent en à ©vidence limbrication à ©conomique et politique dans les socià ©tà ©s du nord au sud : les Tlingit, les Tsimshian, les Haida, les Bella Cola, les Kwakiutl, les Nootka, les Salish – dans un fait social total selon M. Mauss. Cette pratique ritualisà ©e et cà ©rà ©monielle de don, ne vise pas à   donner pour donner mais à   donner pour dominer et/ou recevoir en retour. Ce nest donc pas un don de gà ©nà ©rosità ©, mais un don de rà ©ciprocità ©, qui en outre comporte souvent un aspect de dà ©fi. Il enclenche ou perpà ©tue la dialectique du don et du contre-don. Le potlatch et la kula ne jouent pas sur des biens de subsistance mais sur les biens prà ©cieux. Ils constituent des stratà ©gies sociales, plus ou moins paroxystiques, qui visent à   fabriquer du prestige, et donc de la diffà ©renciation sociale. Dautre part, grà ¢ce sa capacità © à   transcender lHomme, et donc lautorità © du chef et de lEtat, le sacrà © a inà ©vitablement entretenu des tantà ´ts conflictuels des tantà ´ts pacifistes au pouvoir politique. Ainsi, Frazer sest intà ©ressà © au pouvoir de la royautà © sacrà ©e dans le rameau dor. Dans les socià ©tà ©s à   pouvoir centralisà © et quand le sacrà © est la source du pouvoir du roi, on assiste à   toutes une sà ©rie de rituels pour lintronisation dun nouveau roi pour marquer son pouvoir et rà ©organiser le politique. Ainsi, chez les Nkumu, les dà ©tenteurs du pouvoir sont investi du pouvoir sacrà ©, lekopo. De plus, Selon Aronoff ,  « Le religieux et le politique sont des domaines lià ©s depuis le dà ©but de lhumanità © de ses cultures et de ses civilisations  ». Dans les socià ©tà ©s acà ©phales il nexiste pas de frontià ¨res nettes entre les sphà ¨res politiques, à ©conomique, religieuse, parentà ©. Il sagit, en effet, dun ensemble composant le social. Ainsi, le religieux fait son apparition dans le politique à ©galement dans des socià ©tà ©s à   Etat et/ou Laà ¯que (Irlande oà ¹ le conflit religieux est en corrà ©lation avec lordre politique). Il nest pas inutile de rappeler quun gouvernement peut dà ©river directement du religieux (thà ©ocratie), que le sacrà © peut devenir des outils pour là ©gitimer le pouvoir du souverain ou du groupe dominant. De mà ªme, la religion peut à ©galement fournir des structures sous jacente manipulable par les dà ©tenteurs du pouvoir. Enfin, Evans-Pritchard dà ©veloppe une analyse des relations et des institutions au sein de peuple, en apparence, dà ©pourvu de gouvernement tout en rà ©pondant aux exigences comparatistes et thà ©oriques. Parallà ¨lement il propose une à ©bauche typologique et contribue à   donner un và ©ritable statut scientifique. Par ailleurs E.E. Evans-Pritchard dà ©veloppe son analyse en mettant en relation le politique avec là ©conomique, le culturel et le religieux ; intà ©rà ªt fondamental dans des socià ©tà ©s oà ¹ tout est à ©troitement imbriquà © (dà ©marche fonctionnaliste). En conclusion, lhistoire de lanthropologie tant à   dà ©montrer que la politique est le synonyme et le frà ¨re jumeau du pouvoir. Le pouvoir politique nest pas seulement un contrat social mais il est aussi un rapport de force consistant en un à ©quilibre fragile. Les concepts de là ©gitimità ©, de pouvoir et de coercition restent des notions incontournables en anthropologie politique mais celui de pouvoir a prà ©sà ©ance sur les autres. Peu importe la socià ©tà ©, sa stabilità © est basà ©e sur un à ©quilibre approximatif et le pouvoir doit jouer le rà ´le de stabilisateur pour protà ©ger la socià ©tà © contre ses propres dà ©faillances soit par la force, soit par des ententes tout en restant fidà ¨le à   ses principes vitaux assurant sa survie. Ce domaine nà ©cessaire au politologue permet de dà ©centrer le regard au-delà   des conceptions classiques concernant cette notion. Il est intà ©ressant de finir par lutilisation de la dà ©marche à ©pistà ©mologique, dans les sciences politiques, relative à   des aspirations ethnographiques en citant un article paru dans la Revue Franà §aise de science politique. En effet, lauteur, Olivier IHL revient sur les formes et usages dune technique de vote : lurne à ©lectorale. Ainsi, il dà ©finit la scà ©nographie relative au vote et la mise en scà ¨ne qui sorganise autour de lurne à ©lectorale ainsi que la sacralisation de cet outil cher à   lexercice de la dà ©mocratie. Ce qui nest pas sans rappeler G. Balandier qui dans son ouvrage anthropologie politique revient sur la sacralità © du politique en à ©nonà §ant cette phrase :  « le rapport du pouvoir à   la socià ©tà © est essentiellement une relation chargà ©e de sacralità ©  »

Daniel Pearl :: essays research papers

WASHINGTON (CNN) -- Intensive negotiations are under way with Pakistan for the extradition to the United States of Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, the top suspect in the kidnapping and killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, the White House said Monday. Other government officials said that federal prosecutors from the U.S. attorney's office in Washington are working on bringing criminal charges in the case. But officials refused to comment on how soon a grand jury might bring any indictments. Asked Monday if the United States is interested in bringing a criminal case against Sheikh, President Bush said, "We're always interested in dealing with people who have harmed American citizens." White House press secretary Ari Fleischer said that the United States "would very much like to get our hands on Omar Sheikh and anyone else responsible for the killing of Daniel Pearl," noting that Pakistan is a sovereign nation and will continue its judicial process. "We will work closely with Pakistan to try to achieve that outcome of bringing them to the U.S.," Fleischer said. A Pakistani Embassy official in Washington, Asad Hayauddin, said that the two countries are engaged in discussions about the issue. Hayauddin said he doesn't know the status of the talks, adding that "Pakistan has always cooperated in bringing people to justice if required" and if there's a legal justification for a transfer of a suspect to U.S. custody. The United States signed an extradition treaty with Pakistan in 1931, and it went into effect in 1942, when Pakistan was under British control, Fleischer said. Hayauddin said that treaty was used to extradite Ramzi Youssef, convicted in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and Mir Amil Kasi, convicted in the 1993 shooting deaths of two CIA employees, from Pakistan. Bush expressed satisfaction with Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf and his government's handling of the Pearl case. "I could tell from the tone of his voice how distraught he was, how disturbed he was that this barbaric act had taken place in his country," Bush said, referring to a recent phone call from Musharraf. "He knew full well that those killers did not represent the vast majority of the people in his own country, and he vowed to me on the phone that he would do everything in his power to chase down the killers and bring them to justice." U.S. indicted suspect last year

History Of Computers :: essays research papers

History of Computers Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The electronic computer has now been used commercially for less than 25 years. It grew out of a search lasting centuries for a more accurate, faster way to perform calculations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Primitive and ancient man used his fingers, shells, beads, sticks, and other objects to keep track of numbers and sums. The development of paper and writing instrumentsmade it easier to record data, but gave little aid in manipulating it. Manual Devices:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A computer is sometimes defined as a system that mechanizes the processing of information. Even a manual device may fall under this definition if they are constructed in such a way that moving them by hand can produce the desired answer. Example: Abacus:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abacus is the oldest-known mechanical computing aid. Its origin is uncertain. Many countries claim to have invented it. It was used in China as early as the sixth century B.C. and in the mediterranean areain ancient Greek and Roman times. It is still used in many parts of the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abacus consists of beads strung on rows of wires suspended within a rectangular frame. A common form has a piece of wood dividing the beads, with five beads on one side, and two on the other side of the wood on each wire. Calculating Machines and their Inventors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the centuries, several mathematical geniuses invented machinesto aid them in their calculations. The machines were never widely used and generally had no direct path to the later development of electronic computers. Example: Pascal:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) a French matematician, invented the first mechanical adding machine at age 19 in 1642. He became tired of adding long columns of figures while helping his father, who had been appointed administrator of Rouen by Cardenal Richelieu. His device had teen toothed wheels and many gears. Rotating wheels developed sums. A carry lever advanced the next wheel to the left one position when a sum exceeded 10. Punched Card Development:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of us are surprised to learn that the punched card industry is almost 200 years old. Furthermore, the first use of punched cards wasn’t for data processing, but rather for process control. Example: Jacquard:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834), a French Weaver, in 1804 developed the first completly automatic loom, controlled by punched cards. Fearing that the machine would produce unemployment, workers attacked and destroyed his machine at Lyon. Aided by Napoleon, Jacquard rebuilt his machine, which os credited with promoting a thriving textile industry in France through the 1800s.

Communication and interpersonal skills Essay

Understand how communication and interpersonal skills affect managerial performance in the workplace Evaluate how interpersonal skills and communication skills affect managerial performance 2.1It is self-evident that communication and interpersonal skills are crucial in the workplace. Good two-way communication is important to enable the flow of information in an effective way whether it be verbal or non-verbal. Good communication has a positive impact on the performance of the team including; everyone is clear what is expected from them, they receive good feedback and recognition of achievements which makes staff feel valued and boosts employee morale. The manager needs to be approachable and have a non-threatening manner so staff feel at ease when discussing any issues or concerns. Good interpersonal relations encourage open behaviour where everyone is working as a team and supporting each other with a common sense of purpose. When goals and objectives are clearly set, with colleagues feeling involved and motivated, it has the overall effect of connecting each staff member and enabling team work. All of this results in a much stronger performance from the organisation as a whole, delivering high quality dental care in a happy relaxed environment and inevitably It will be much more successful in achieving its goals Poor communication results in staff being unclear of objectives, de-motivated and giving the impression of disinterest or even arrogance. Failure to communicate effectively often leads to conflict and the spread of rumours can begin to circulate which can harm a business internally as well as externally. It would be impossible to achieve the practice’s goals and objectives if there is significant conflict in the workplace. Boredom and a negative attitude also influence an employee’s receptiveness to a message. Overall poor communication and interpersonal skills have an adverse and counterproductive effect. Provide an evaluation of two or more strategies to overcome barriers to effective managerial communication and interpersonal skills. 2.2 In a small practice with part-time team members there is a high possibility of communication failure for example; messages not being passed on at all or incorrectly, decisions made earlier in the week without involvement or reference to all colleagues. This may result in mixed perceptions or feelings of marginalisation. To overcome this barrier, staff meetings are to be held on dates where all staff can attend. If this is not possible the minutes of the meeting should be written out and forwarded on to the appropriate people. It is also important to seek feedback regularly to check the message has been conveyed in a clear and concise way. Forums and emails are an efficient mechanism for short, chatty updates. It is also a good method of quickly communicating messages to several people and allowing further discussion with feedback and input. Another communication barrier that could occur would be staff not being clear of tasks that have been set for them to do by the busy, Principal Dentist. If this is done in an ad hoc, informal manner the tasks may not be done in the correct way or simply keep being rolled forward. To help overcome this barrier, I would need to ascertain from the Principal exactly what is required and when. I would then devise a rigorous schedule with clear step-by-step guide on what needs to be achieved. I would negotiate with individuals and delegate specific tasks depending on the skills required. The schedule would record who has been made responsible and have a checklist to be signed against. This would be displayed in a prominent position for example the staff room or a whiteboard. Once the job has been completed I can then report back within the time frame that the Dentist requires.

Doing Psychotherapy Essay

The book entitled â€Å"Doing Psychotherapy† written by Dr. Michael Franz Basch is renowned as a functional guide that could be used in implementing effective psychotherapy. As such, this book is considered as an insightful composition that is profound in such a manner that it clearly renders factual actions and activities as to how such psychiatric therapy works. Distinct from any other book with the same topic, Dr. Michael Basch’s opus about psychotherapy is not only a representation of his brilliant ideas and views with regard to the relationship between the therapist and its patient but also serves as an essential demonstration of the real occurrence in psychotherapy. Dr. Michael Franz Basch is a Professor of Psychotherapy at Rush Medical College and also serves as a Supervising Analyst at the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis (Basch, 1980). In addition to this, he also works as an attending Psychiatrist at Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center (Basch, 1980). Overview of the Mechanism and Tools The ccomprehensive interpersonal relationship and open communication between the therapist and the patient is one of the major mechanisms presented in the book as this is essential to bring about change. In here, the author gives an emphasis on the behavior of the therapist in which he said that psychoanalyst must not have personal bias and control their emotions against the actions of their client to be able to initiate change in psychotherapy and render positive results for their patients. Moreover, the book has also utilized various system based from reliable clinical protocol without the exclusion of the unavoidable mistakes which the therapist may commit. As such, the book has utilized a profound mechanism in providing the reader a therapeutic discussion through the method used in presenting factual experiences, which essentially occurs in the actual treatment of psycho cases with varying difficulty. Likewise, the author concentrates in discussing the treatment for the patients with light cases that normally receives little concern and are generally disregarded in most of the training guides, but requires essential attention as the personal relationships of these patients are normally unsatisfying, disturbed and habitually unhelpful. Critiques and Concepts Presented In the book, the author clearly states his concept that the quality of the relationship between the psychotherapist and the client is an essential factor in which it has a greater influence in achieving helpful outcomes on the client’s end. As such, this concept tells that a good relationship between the client or patient and the therapist is more inclined to achieve a positive outcome. In addition to this, the author said that in designing psychotherapy, the process of diagnosis must be done accordingly. Hence, the treatment process must be in line with the condition and diagnosis of the client. From a personal point of view, such concepts in psychotherapy may not be as effective as it is perceived by just relying on the stability of relationship between the two parties and the definition of the case. Hence, this should be well-supported with the accorded clinical protocols towards the treatment of psycho disorder. With this, it can be said that a more helpful and positive outcome for the patients as well as for the entire process of therapy is within reach. Conclusion In the end, the approach of Dr. Michael Franz Basch that have developed for the past decades of practicing and teaching in the field psychotherapy is indeed logical and dynamic in which he evidently states that management of the transference relationship is a positive stepping stone for the treatment process. As such, most of his teachings and concepts presented in the book are evidently modern in which his thoughts evades the stiffness that is often associated with the classical psychoanalytical position and seems to be an integration of various techniques from the different disciplines of therapy. Hence, Dr. Basch emphasizes in his concepts that building on the patient’s strengths is more essential and helpful towards effective psychotherapy, rather than concentrating on studying the illness or condition of the patient. Nonetheless, the book â€Å"Doing Psychotherapy† is indeed functional in serving as an ideal guide for the professionals engaged in clinical work. Reference Basch M. (1980). Doing Psychotherapy. Michigan. Basic Books

English literature Essay

For Locke, all knowledge comes exclusively through experience. He argues that at birth the mind is a tabula rasa, or blank slate, that humans fill with ideas as they experience the world through the five senses. Locke defines knowledge as the connection and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy, of the ideas humans form. From this definition it follows that our knowledge does not extend beyond the scope of human ideas. In fact, it would mean that our knowledge is even narrower than this description implies, because the connection between most simple human ideas is unknown. Because ideas are limited by experience, and we cannot possibly experience everything that exists in the world, our knowledge is further compromised. However, Locke asserts that though our knowledge is necessarily limited in these ways, we can still be certain of some things. For example, we have an intuitive and immediate knowledge of our own existence, even if we are ignorant of the metaphysical essence of our souls. We also have a demonstrative knowledge of God’s existence, though our understanding cannot fully comprehend who or what he is. We know other things through sensation. We know that our ideas correspond to external realities because the mind cannot invent such things without experience. A blind man, for example, would not be able to form a concept of colour. Therefore, those of us who have sight can reason that since we do perceive colours, they must exist.

What extent is it accurate to claim that Australians

Australians are committed to a ;fair go' and that they belong to a classless society? Since Australia opened its doors to the rest of the world it has been widely regarded as a land of ‘golden opportunity well endowed in resources with a small population; it appeared to be an escape from the rigid aristocratic ruling of European nations (Furze, 2008: 349). For such a long time many Australians have been reluctant to recognize that social classes do in fact exist within our society and that these classes perpetuate inequality.To claim that all Australians are committed to a fair go' would be ignorant, and I will explore in this discussion the barriers that prohibit Australians from being equal. I will begin by providing an understanding of class constructs and stratification, I will then go on to highlight the Inequalities Inherent in different spheres of Australian society and how these Inequalities are products of a class hierarchy. I have chosen to concentrate on healthcare; education and the legal system for these are resources that all citizens should have equal access to.Class is a significant force in all societies, understanding class is crucial if we are to see how groups of people within our society have different experiences. Social stratification refers to the way society is organized within hierarchical layers (Furze, 2008:320). It is impossible to live in Australia without coming to realize that these different social classes are employed in deferent types of Jobs, live in different suburbs, attend different schools, receive different incomes and experience crucial differences in privilege and inequality (McGregor, 1997: 2).As we begin to investigate how social, lattice and economic resources are distributed the disparities between groups becomes apparent- the nature of stratification creates a systematic and enduring pattern of Inequality. (Habits & Walter, 2009:2) The Inequalities that arise from class differences are largely based on const raints to access of resources; one of these resources is healthcare. It is evident that health disparities within Australia are linked to different income groups.Lifestyle factors attributed to ill health such as poor diets, drugs and alcohol are most prominent in low income groups and minorities such as the Indigenous. These groups are socially disadvantaged and therefore have limited access to resources such as housing, health information and education. For these reasons, studies have found that pregnant aboriginal women are at a high risk of birthing underweight babies- contributing to a higher infant mortality rate, high rates of morbidity with 20 years less life expectancy than non Indigenous Australians and higher rates of alcohol abuse and self harm (Furze, 2008: 314).Health risks are not just limited to minority groups however, blue collar workers also experience significant occupation related Issues; mining and Intensive Barbour as well as exposure to toxic substances Is li kely to cause subsequent Illness. Contested due to its inaccessibility. The Federal, State and Territory governments share the responsibility of publicly funded healthcare and also provide Medicare- a healthcare system that all wage earners pay a levy toward. Recently however, there has been a growth in private health care investment illustrated by a rise in private hospital beds from 24439 in 2003 to 26988 in 2006 (Furze, 2008:317).Citizens are being encouraged to take out private health care for better and quicker treatment, forever, this causes an ethical debate as public waiting lists are profoundly long and yet private health care is unaffordable by many. It is evident then, that class placement determines opportunity and creates barriers to achieving equal access to healthcare. Another sphere of Australian society divided by class stratification is education and schooling. In many ways education and knowledge are the keys to a prosperous and successful life; however it is not possible for everyone to access this valuable resource (Habit's and Walter, 2009:149).The shift of government funding room public schools to private schools means that a child's class background easily distorts their educational path. As private schools began to emerge, upper class parents would send their children to private school due to the preferred prestige and elite status they were associated with. More recently however, the decision to enroll children in private educational institutions reflects the decline the educational quality provided by public schools.The government have turned to ‘economic rationalism' where their focus is no longer on committing to maximizing general elf through the development of public resources but by operating on economic efficiency (Furze,2008:255). For this reason, private schools have been advantaged and public schools left behind. What is most significant about this change is that it generates socioeconomic inequality; parents with lowe r incomes cannot afford to send their children to private school and this subsequently reproduces the stratification system.Socioeconomic status has further implications within the education system; this is particularly evident within the low socioeconomic groups and indigenous community. Education attrition rates for these groups are as low as 14. 5%; this is significantly low compared to a 76. 4% obtained by higher socioeconomic groups (Furze, 2008:252). Students are sorted by ability and performance indicators through standardized testing; these tests routinely consign Aboriginals to a hard competition for Jobs, income and social mobility (Furze, 2008:261).Aboriginal children concentrated in rural areas suffer inequitable access to education, particularly as schools in remote areas have low achievement levels and staffing problems. In 2004 only 39. 5% of Aboriginals progressed to year 12 whilst 6. 8% of non indigenous students did (Furze, 2008: 263). Social inequalities and class implications are reproduced academically as wealthy schools continue to be subsidized and children of lower socioeconomic status remain disadvantaged.Substantial evidence of class related inequality also exists within the political sphere, lower socioeconomic groups and minorities possess limitations to accessing and actively participating in this sphere in comparison to upper class citizens who are able to actively participate. Great controversy surrounds the overrepresented of Indigenous and lower class citizens in Australia; discriminatory attitudes are prevalent toward these groups due to their higher rates of unemployment.Low levels disenfranchisement and a lack of knowledge (McGregor, 1997; 76) Relative poverty, poor health standards and a lack of educational and social opportunities have underpinned greater Aboriginal representation amongst criminal offenders. â€Å"Aborigines, it is said, make up one per cent of the general population, but nearly 30 per cent of prison in m ates,† (Wolcott & Dowse, 2004: 253). This statement is echoed by statements of the Australian Law Reform Commission which claims the Aborigines re 29 times more likely to be imprisoned that non Aborigines. Wolcott & Dowse, 2004: 256) As laws of a society are connected with the dominant cultural attitudes of society, it seems the inherent bias of Australian Judicial system is ethnocentric. The ALARM have also alluded to the, ‘many instances [that] exist when Aboriginals have been imprisoned, fined or otherwise sentenced without having understood their rights,' (Wolcott & Dowse, 2004: 259). This can be attributed again to the lack of education available to this community and the lack of access to legal aid due to financial constraints.For Australia to be committed to a fair go' all citizens should possess the same standard of access and equity in the legal system, however, the implications of class inequality prevent this from occurring. We can be certain that class divisi ons do exist in Australian society, and that these divisions limit one's entitlement to a fair go. ‘ Myths of equality aside, the evidence is quite clear that in Australia, as in every other capitalist system, success depends very strongly on one's socioeconomic status (Hillier, 1981 :214); it plays a pivotal role in determining access to political, social and economic resources .

Bias, fallacies, and specific rhetorical devices in the speech Essay

Bias, fallacies, and specific rhetorical devices in the speech - Essay Example They easily rely on what the speaker is saying. If the speaker knows the art of misleading, he can change the thoughts and emotions of the listener easily. Rhetoric device is a technique in which the speaker wants to make an impressive expression on the audience. The argumentations are done in such a way that the speaker can get the appropriate result from the audience by making reasoning that can either be real or are stated artificially. The result from rhetorical argumentation can also result in fallacy if the debate or conversation is done falsely. Kane’s speech has numerous examples of bias, fallacies, and rhetoric devices. The campaigner starts his part of speech with the words that â€Å"only one man can rid the politics of the State of the evil domination of Boss Jim Gettys†. This is a fallacy as the campaigner is pointing towards Kane. The campaigner has assumed that only Kane is eligible for demolishing the evil domination of Jim Gettys. They have labeled Jim Gettys rule as the evil domination, thus this has established a bias. As Kane starts his speech, he again creates a bias by calling Jim Gettys a villain and dishonest person. He has unfairly awarded him with these words without keeping in view what the audience thinks of him. And another fallacy is that Kane is sure that he will win the governor election since the voting has not even started. The rhetoric devices in this speech are the repetition of the words by breaking the momentum of normal speech and creating a dramatic effect. Examples are â€Å" Jim Gettys†¦ Jim Gettys has something less than a chance† and â€Å"the working man...the working man†. In the first example of rhetorical device there also exists a fallacy as Kane thinks that Jim Gettys will not win the governorship. The campaigner and Kane both have made arguments and have countered the arguments. Firstly the campaigner has called Gettys an evil and labeled Kane as an ideal governor. He has said this

W3Q-Executing and implementing project portfolio management Assignment

W3Q-Executing and implementing project portfolio management - Assignment Example NDT-Solutions, a private sector company specializing in development and construction of facility for non-destructive testing laboratory, takes a conventional approach to project management mainly through assigning projects to departmental managers. This approach functional managers to act as project managers while performing their primary duties in parallel, a practice which was very common in 1960s (Kerzner 2010). A major reason for such an approach was the lack of appreciation for project management methodology and best practices as identified by Project Management Institute in PMBOK (2008). Thus projects in the company normally initiated within from the departments without considering their relevance to the organizational business strategy. Thus majority of the projects were a result of self-initiative even without support and consent of management. In addition, internal politics and individual interests barred projects and their outcomes to be visible to other departments unless materialized. Thus other departments who may have significant role in the project execution or may have been impacted by the project outcome were, in fact, alienated from the project. Every department struggled to portray its project as success while endeavoring to undermine the efforts made in other departments. This impacted the overall potential of the company to achieve synergy of its resources. The end result was duplication of projects, inefficient utilization of the resources and discouragement of any innovative ideas at the organizational level. Besides its drawbacks, the approach has advantages in terms of expanding experience in project management and improving the skills; however, lack of training and appreciation of a standardized project portfolio management approach would increase risk of inefficient resource utilization and duplication of efforts especially when the company is managing multiple projects. According to Kerzner (2010), â€Å"portfolio management is

The Effects Of The Likely Food Security Problems For Society In Africa Essay

The Effects Of The Likely Food Security Problems For Society In Africa - Essay Example What is most significant here is the belief that the world needs to step ahead as a collective unit and make its voice get heard so that sanity could prevail within the related ranks. The two world regions chosen here are of Africa and South Asia where food insecurity is more common than anywhere else on this globe. Within Africa, the aspect of food security seems more like an epidemic than anything else. This is because Africa is one of the most backward continents in the world. There is food deprivation of sorts that is existent within this continent. The countries are doing little to do away with the pressing matters that have remained for the longest time. The governments of the African nations are also not willing to go one step ahead and proceed with forming rules and regulations through which their own populations could be given the free rein that they richly deserve. In essence, Africa is lagging far behind in the race to achieve food security than any other region or contine nt in the world. The reason why Africa lacks in this department is because there is unequal distribution of resources within the continent. People are not being fed in an equal manner as there are a lot of diseases which have come to the fore. Some believe this is due to the hot climate where half of Africa is situated on the equator, while others believe this is due to lack of commitment by the world’s most developed nations, who are doing little or absolutely nothing to thwart such a situation from coming to its domains in the first place (Williams, 2002). Some African nations like South Africa are apt at providing equal distribution of food to its citizens but a number of other nations like Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Zambia, etc. lag far behind. Some drastic steps are required to take care of these problems in a head on manner. Within South Asia, the aspect of food security comes to the reckoning because there is huge population within the region and hence the gove rnments are unable to cope up with the resources that are available at their disposal. India is one such example where people find it hard to get hold of the food for their daily needs. It is poor to one extent that it is unable to meet the expectations of millions of people on a regular basis (Thakur, 2004). Much needs to be done within South Asia because the population is increasing at a rapid rate and there seems to be no alternate course available to curtail the problems at hand. The reason why South Asia lags far behind in the race to reach the top is because the people do not know what to do. Also their governments are not ready to give them what they direly require – food (Ingco, 2003). One of the more significant reasons behind this debacle lies in the fact that the unequal distribution of food is between the rich and the poor, living together within this region of the world. Solid steps need to be taken to do away with the varied problems that South Asia is facing at the moment, and the role of the government within such concerns is of a magnanimous one. Conclusion In the end, one should believe that both Africa and South Asia are running head to head as far as unequal distribution of food realms are concerned. The reason for this lies on the head of the people who are running these related affairs (Wyk, 2001). Much needs to be done and that too quickly because South Asia has a pressing problem of inflating population, which is widespread in nearly all

Basic Network Technology, Structure, and Protocols Research Paper

Basic Network Technology, Structure, and Protocols - Research Paper Example In Tutorial 1 described that every networked computer is connected to a DNS and a router that it has the physical (MAC) address of. In case of unknown MAC, ARP request can be broadcasted to which only the targeted devices respond with their MACs. On entering a website address in browser, the computer contacts the DNS, which responds with the logical (IP) address of the website. In case, a DNS doesn’t have it, it forwards the request to another DNS server higher in the hierarchy. The IP address is passed down to the requesting computer. Once IP is known, a TCP segment destined for port 80 containing HTTP_GET request is formed. The website’s IP address is appended to it forming an IP packet. This IP packet is forwarded to the router’s MAC to be delivered to the website server. On receiving, the server removes IP tags, extracts the HTTP_GET request from the TCP segment and replies with a new TCP segment containing requested content e.g. text, audio, video, etc. Afte r attaching IP of requesting computer, it forwards the IP packet to local router’s MAC. Routers have routing tables that indicate where to forward next. When packet arrives at destination, IP headers are removed and requested content is extracted from the TCP segment. It is forwarded to port 80, and displayed in the browser.